Immigration and ethnocultural diversity

Description: Number of persons in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by immigrant status and age group, last 5 months.

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Labour force characteristic estimates by visible minority group, age group, and sex.

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Labour force characteristic estimates by visible minority group, region, age group, and sex.

Description: This thematic series groups different statistical products related to ethnicity, languages, and immigration. It features analytical documents of varying scopes, such as population profiles, reference materials, data products (including tables and factsheets), among other document types.

Description: Using Census data from 1996 to 2021, this infographic provides data trends on the size of the Latin American immigrant population in Canada, as well as data on admission categories, disaggregated by countries of birth and by Census year.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: The focus of this portrait is the analysis of the sociodemographic, linguistic, ethnocultural, and religious diversity of the Black populations in Canada. Using Census of Population data (1996 to 2021) and data from the 2011 National Household Survey, the paper explores the evolution of the Black populations in Canada and their composition in 2021. An intersectional perspective is used to explore the interactions between multiple diversity measures. By examining the main characteristics of the Black populations born in Canada, the Caribbean and Africa, this analytical portrait demonstrates that there is not one, but many diverse Black populations in Canada.

Description: As the number of temporary foreign workers increases and more of these workers transition to permanent residency in Canada, provinces and territories—especially those with smaller populations—have been actively targeting foreign workers through immigration programs such as the Provincial Nominee Program as a strategy to attract and retain new immigrants. This article examines the geographic retention of permanent residents who previously worked in Canada on work permits for work purposes and became landed immigrants from 2011 to 2020.

Description: Amid growing concerns in Canada over housing affordability, questions have arisen about non-permanent residents’ experience in the Canadian rental market. This study uses data from the 2021 Census of Population to examine whether international students and temporary foreign workers face higher rental costs than the Canadian-born population (non-immigrants) and longer-term immigrants (those who were admitted more than five years preceding the census year). It also explores the factors contributing to disparities in rental expenses among these groups.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Number of persons in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by immigrant status and age group, last 5 months.

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Labour force characteristic estimates by visible minority group, age group, and sex.

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Labour force characteristic estimates by visible minority group, region, age group, and sex.

Description: Proportion of immigrants and non-permanent residents among the school-age population (ages 5 to 25), Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations.

Description: Proportion of visible minorities, among the school-age population (ages 5 to 24), Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations.

Description: Percentage of persons for selected health indicators, by visible minority and selected sociodemographic characteristics (age group, gender or immigrant status) for the population aged 18 and older in the ten provinces. Data is available for Canada (excluding territories). A similar table with a geographical breakdown by region is available in table 13-10-0881.

Description: Percentage of persons for selected health indicators, by visible minority and selected sociodemographic characteristics (age group, gender or immigrant status) for the population aged 18 and older in the ten provinces. Data is available for Canada (excluding territories). A similar table with a geographical breakdown by region is available in table 13-10-0880.

Description: Annual number of international migrants by 5-year age groups and gender for Canada, provinces and territories.

Description: Components of international migratory increase, quarterly: immigrants, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigrants, net non-permanent residents.

Description: This table provides quarterly estimates of the number of non-permanent residents by type for Canada, provinces and territories.

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This paper investigates the inter-provincial labour mobility behaviour of immigrants relative to that of native-born Canadians. Foreign-born Canadians differ a great deal from their domestically-born counterparts. The foreign-born population is geographically concentrated in a few provinces and a few big cities. As a whole, they are older, better educated, more likely to be married, and more likely to have dependent children and bigger households. They are less active in participating in full-time education and training. They fare relatively better in the labour market. As a result, a higher proportion of them receive social security benefits that are directly tied to the presence of dependent children or age such as family allowance benefits and pension income, but a lower proportion receive benefits that are related to labour market performance such as employment insurance benefits and social assistance benefits.

As a whole, immigrants are relatively less mobile inter-provincially. This is true both nationally and across almost every province. Among those who move to other provinces, destinations for foreign-born migrants are highly geographically concentrated. Most of them make their new homes in Alberta, Ontario and British Columbia. A significantly lower proportion of them relocate to other provinces for economic considerations but a much higher proportion move to go to school or after retirement. Earnings return to their inter-provincial migration is significantly more substantial. This is the result of both wage increase and more hours of work after migration.

Multi-variate regression results show that there are no statistically significant structural differences in the determinants of inter-provincial migration decisions between comparable foreign- and native-born Canadians. The probability of moving to other provinces, for immigrants as well as for domestically-born Canadians, is higher if earnings potentials elsewhere are relatively higher, lower if it is relatively harder to find employment elsewhere, higher among better educated workers, lower among French-speaking Canadians, lower among union members, and decreases with age, family size and job tenure. None of the proxies for government's labour market interventions significantly affect the decision to move inter-provincially. The lower mobility rates among the foreign-born are fully attributable to distributional and compositional differences between the immigrant and non-immigrant populations.

These findings have a direct policy implication on immigration selection. To encourage population and labour force growth in economically less prosperous provinces, it appears appropriate and effective to amend the current immigration selection and approval system, considering intended destinations as an additional factor and awarding additional points to applicants who choose designated provinces.

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Older immigrants arriving in Canada are not eligible for government transfer payments or welfare benefits for up to 10 years. Consequently, many of them choose to live with their relatives or sponsors in crowded three or more generation households. Cultural preferences also influence this tendency. The propensity for immigrant groups from developing regions to live in three or more generation households ranges up to 18 times those of their Canadian-born and the immigrant counterparts from the developed regions. The average income, percent receiving Old Age Security payments, percent widowed and duration of residence in Canada are significantly associated with proportions of immigrants living in such arrangements, and explain about 84% of birthplace variation for males and 81% for females.

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This paper examines the patterns of the intergenerational transmission of education and socio-economic status among immigrants, visible minorities and Aboriginal workers using the 1993 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) data.

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Canada has become a world leader in hosting international students. Ranked fifth in the world in 1992, Canada was behind only the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom in the number of international postsecondary students hosted. At all levels during the 1993-94 school year, approximately 87,000 international students were studying in Canadian universities, colleges and schools. Although their stay in Canada is usually temporary, international students often bring both cultural and financial benefits. Their presence can enrich Canadian campuses by contributing to a culturally and intellectually diverse learning environment. Also, their enrolment may generate additional revenues for educational institutions at a time when education budgets are under severe pressure. The impact of international students often extends beyond their period of study and their ties with Canada can continue long after they return to their countries.

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The healthy immigrant effect observed in other countries also prevails in Canada. Immigrants, especially recent immigrants, are less likely than the Canadian-born population to have chronic conditions or disabilities. The effect is most evident among those from non-European countries, who constitute the majority of recent immigrants to Canada. This article compares the health status, health care utilization, and health-related behaviour of immigrants with the Canadian-born population, and is based on self-reported data from the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey. Health status is examined in terms of chronic conditions, disability and health-related dependency. The indicators of health care utilization are hospitalization, contact with physicians and dentists, unmet needs for health services. The health- related and behaviours analysed are smoking and leisure time physical activity.

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Analyses based on census data, vital statistics, and data from the Health and Activity Limitation Surveys show that immigrants, especially those from non-European countries, had a longer life expectancy and more years of life free of disability and dependency than did the Canadian-born. But while immigrants were less likely than the Canadian-born to be disabled, they were only slightly less likely to be dependent on others for help with activities of daily living. The reasons for immigrants' longevity and good health are likely related to the "health immigrant effect"

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This report looks at employment equity data available from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for members of two employment equity designated groups: visible minorities and Aboriginal peoples. It also compares SLID data with 1991 Census data to evaluate the extent to which SLID data may be used for employment equity purposes.

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Immigration is a major source of new workers. This article profiles Canada's "newest" workers and compares their characteristics with those of Canadian-born workers.

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In 1986, visible minorities accounted for 6% of the Canadian labour force. Since then, visible minorities have accounted for an increasing share of immigration. This article profiles visible minorities in the labour market using the 1986 Census.

Description: This survey was designed to provide information on how new immigrants adjust to life in Canada and to understand the factors that can help or hinder this adjustment. The data will be used to evaluate the current services available and help improve them.

Description: The goal of the proposed study was to obtain a literacy profile for immigrants living in Ontario, in the reading of either English or French.

Description: There are two primary objectives of the survey. First of all, the survey will help us to better understand how people's backgrounds affect their participation in the social, economic and cultural life of Canada. Secondly, the survey will provide information to better understand how Canadians of different ethnic backgrounds interpret and report their ethnicity.

Description: The Longitudinal Immigration Database provides detailed and reliable information on the performance and impact of immigration programs.

Description: This statistical program develops projections of the ethnocultural composition of population for Canada, provinces and census metropolitan areas, based on various assumptions and scenarios on population growth components.

Description: Complementing the data collected by the census, the National Household Survey (NHS) is designed to provide information about people in Canada by their demographic, social and economic characteristics. In October 2014, Statistics Canada will be conducting a voluntary test in selected locations to evaluate the processes, procedures and systems that will be used for the 2016 Census Program. This ensures that quality data are available in 2016 to support a wide variety of programs.

Description: The objective of this study is to collect information about international money transfers, from residents of Canada to their relatives or friends living outside Canada.