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  • 91. Income taxes in Canada and the United States Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X20000025071
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Much discussion of comparative tax rates is based on federal statutory income tax rates. But taxes actually paid are often quite different, owing to various tax deductions, credits, surtaxes and payroll taxes. This study uses effective rather than statutory tax rates to compare income taxes paid by individuals and families in Canada and the United States.

    Release date: 2000-06-07
  • 92. Government Finances and Generational Equity Archived
    Journals and periodicals: 68-513-X
    Description:

    "Generational equity" is a topic that has gradually risen higher and higher on the agenda of governments at all levels. In fact, it is a matter not just for government policy, but a topic that touches many Canadians directly: young and old, parents and grandparents. Canadian policy makers increasingly have to deal with issues associated with the relative status of individuals between successive generations. The reform of public pension programs presents the most obvious example, but there are many other developments that raise the same type of issue. Indeed, the heightened concern over government fiscal policies is due in large part to the readiness of many to view government deficits and debt as a burden on future generations. Generational equity, however, is also a concern of individual Canadians and their families. The allocation of resources between the young and the old within the family is becoming an increasingly important issue for many, especially in light not only of an aging population but also the belief that those just entering the labour force will likely not attain the standard of living to which their parents have become accustomed.

    The contributors to this book examine the operation of government taxes and expenditures from a generational perspective. In part the motivation for bringing these essays together is to offer comprehensive and up-to-date information on the age incidence of government finances. This motivation, however, also has to do with the development of a new accounting framework, Generational Accounting, that has gained some currency in many industrialized countries, particularly in the United States. It is a truism to say that good analysis requires good data, and certainly Statistic Canada's central role is to offer high-quality data in support of analysis and decision making. But the opposite is equally true, if not as obvious: good data requires good analysis. That is to say, new analytical frameworks often highlight the need to organize existing data in different ways, as well as the need for the development of new types of data. This is certainly one of several reasons that Statistics Canada has sought to develop a strong analytical capacity, and to maintain strong ties with the research community. This book is meant to contribute to this process by examining Canadian data through the lens of Generational Accounting, and by analyzing some of the issues that arise.

    Release date: 1998-02-04
  • 93. How Inflation and Income Tax Affect the Return on a Safe Investment Archived
    Articles and reports: 62F0014M1996001
    Geography: Canada
    Description: For decades, Canadians have been living in an inflationary environment. Everyone remembers that at some point in the past, consumer goods and services cost less. Even young people know that a candy bar cost less five or ten years ago than it does now. Thus the purchasing power of the Canadian dollar has gradually declined over the years.

    Even though everyone knows that things cost more now than in the past, there are situations in which this seems to be forgotten. The purpose of this article is to present a situation that shows the illusion of wealth that fairly long-term inflation can foster. We begin by looking at how inflation and income tax affect a retired person's interest income for a given year. Then we look at the effects of inflation and income tax on interest income over a longer period. When taxation is not factored in, the situation is one of investing inside a registered retirement savings plan.

    Release date: 1997-05-05
  • 94. RRSP withdrawals revisited [Perspectives on Labour and Income] Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X19960042921
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Despite improved economic conditions in recent years, Canadians have continued to cash in their RRSPs. This article looks at RRSP withdrawals during the 1990s, including those made through the Home Buyers' Plan. Who made these withdrawals, and for what reasons, and how will such behaviour affect immediate tax obligations and future retirement savings?

    Release date: 1996-12-03
  • 95. The Evolution of Payroll Taxes in Canada: 1961 - 1993 Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996090
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper outlines the structure of payroll taxes and documents evidence on the level, growth and role of each component over the last three decades for Canada and for each province. Levied by both the federal and provincial governments, payroll taxes in Canada include four major components: i) unemployment insurance (UI) premiums; ii) Canada/Quebec Pension Plan (C/QPP) contributions; iii) workers compensation (WC) premiums; and iv) the provincial health/post-secondary education (H/E) tax levied by Quebec, Manitoba, Ontario and Newfoundland. While the UI and C/QPP components are levied on both employers and employees, the WC and H/E components are levied on employers only. Our main findings are 1) payroll taxes have increased substantially over the last three decades in Canada as a whole and in every province; 2) the structure, level, growth and role of each component of payroll taxes vary remarkably from one province to another; 3) the expansion of the UI component in recent years has been the largest contributor to the rise in payroll taxes across every province in the country; and 4) despite significant growth in recent years, payroll taxes are still much lower in Canada than in most other western industrialized countries.

    Release date: 1996-02-28
  • 96. Income Estimates for Subprovincial Areas
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 4301
    Description: This annual survey produced estimates of per-capita and aggregate amounts of personal and personal disposable income, of money income before and after tax, of income tax and direct taxes; estimates of aggregate wages and salaries, self-employment income, government transfer payments, investment income including rents, and miscellaneous money income.
Data (49)

Data (49) (20 to 30 of 49 results)

Analysis (44)

Analysis (44) (20 to 30 of 44 results)

  • 21. Study: Intra-household Labour Income Responses to Changes in Tax Rates Among Older Workers Archived
    Stats in brief: 11-001-X201732717681
    Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin
    Release date: 2017-11-23
  • 22. Intra-household Labour Income Responses to Changes in Tax Rates Among Older Workers Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2017400
    Description:

    Despite a large literature estimating the effects of income taxation on the labour decisions of young and middle-aged workers, little is known about the extent to which older workers respond to changes in their income taxes. This paper explores this unresolved empirical issue, using longitudinal administrative data on more than one million individuals from Canada and exploiting a recent tax reform in the empirical identification strategy that explicitly targeted older couples. The findings offer new insight into the “black box” of intra-household labour supply and inform the optimal designs of income tax and retirement income systems.

    Release date: 2017-11-23
  • 23. High-income Canadians Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200710913194
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    No agreed-upon definition exists of what constitutes high income, either in dollar cut-offs or as a percentage of the population. Researchers have used widely varying methods, producing widely varying outcomes. This paper presents various criteria for defining high income and looks at some of the characteristics and behaviours of high-income taxfilers under these definitions. Income taxes paid and effective tax rates are also examined.

    Release date: 2007-12-19
  • 24. A Profile of High Income Canadians Archived
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2007006
    Description: This study uses administrative tax data and the Survey of Financial Security to explore trends in the number and characteristics of high-income Canadians, as well as their wealth and effective income tax rates, from 1982 to 2004. The paper uses a range of thresholds to delineate high income and emphasizes statistics on the top 5%, 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% of tax filers.

    The study found that an individual income of $89,000 was needed to be counted among the top 5% if income recipients in 2004. A family income of $154,000 would place one in the top 5% of families. The growth in incomes at the high end has been quite rapid while incomes of the majority of the population remained stable. Compared with the U.S., Canada had significantly fewer high-income recipients in 2004, and their incomes were considerably less. Higher-income individuals tend to be middle aged married males that live in the larger urban centres. While women have made up a larger portion on the top 5% of tax filers since 1982, they have not made gains in the very highest income groups. High income Canadians have roughly the same share of total wealth as they do of total income.

    High income Canadians, in line with an increasing share of total income, have been paying an increasing share of total personal income taxes. Their share of total income increased from 21% to 25% between 1992 and 2004 while their share of income taxes paid increased from 30% to 36%. At the same time their effective tax rate dropped from 29% to 27%. Thus despite lower tax rates the increase in incomes was large enough, when combined with the progressive tax system, to result in an increased share of total taxes paid by high income Canadians. There is considerable heterogeneity in effective tax rates at the individual level with some high income individuals facing an effective tax rate of over 45%, while some pay as little as 10%. The proportion of tax filers, across the income distribution, who pay zero taxes decreased between 1992 and 2004.

    Release date: 2007-09-24
  • 25. Earnings instability Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200611013172
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Using tax data, this paper examines earnings instability among lone parents, unattached individuals, and two-parent families over the past two decades. When income tax effects and main sources of income were considered, no strong evidence of a widespread increase in instability was found. Government transfers play a particularly important role in reducing the earnings instability of lone mothers and unattached individuals

    Release date: 2006-12-20
  • 26. The GST credit Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200610613166
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The GST (goods and services tax) provided $30.6 billion to the federal government in 2003. Of this, $2.9 billion was paid back as a credit to taxfilers aged 16 and older based on their income. How many individuals receive the GST credit, and who are they? Does this credit help to redistribute income?

    Release date: 2006-09-19
  • 27. Revisiting Recent Trends in Canadian After-Tax Income Inequality Using Census Data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006274
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    We present new evidence on levels and trends in after-tax income inequality in Canada between 1980 and 2000. We argue that existing data sources may miss changes in the tails of the income distribution, and that much of the changes in the income distribution have been in the tails. Our data are constructed from Census files, which are augmented with predicted taxes based on information available from administrative tax data. After validating our approach in predicting taxes on the Census files, we document differences in the levels and trends in after-tax inequality between the newly constructed data source and the more commonly used survey data. We find that after-tax inequality levels are substantially higher based on the new data, primarily because income levels are lower at the bottom than in survey data. The new data show larger long-term increases in after-tax income inequality and far more variability over the economic cycle. This raises interesting questions about the role of the tax and transfer system in mitigating both trends and fluctuations in market income inequality.

    Release date: 2006-02-27
  • 28. Property taxes relative to income Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200510313137
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Local government revenues are increasingly perceived as inadequate to fund the program responsibilities of municipalities. Property taxes (residential and non-residential) are by far the most important revenue source, accounting for 35% in 2003 (up from 30% in 1988). But, residential property taxes are commonly viewed as regressive in relation to income. This study uses the 2001 Census of Population to quantify the regressiveness of residential property taxes in Canadian municipalities, and to examine whether regressive taxes are generally attributable to lower-income seniors living in high-priced homes.

    Release date: 2005-06-20
  • 29. Federal personal income tax: Slicing the pie Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-010-X20050057901
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    An overview of effective tax rates for different income groups.

    Release date: 2005-05-12
  • 30. Federal Personal Income Tax: Slicing the Pie Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-621-M2005024
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study examines trends in income, federal personal income tax and effective income tax rate, from 1990 to 2002. The paper splits income tax fillers into three groups: those in the lower half of the income distribution (deciles 1 to 5), those in the top 10% (decile 10) and those in between (deciles 6 to 9).

    Release date: 2005-04-22
Reference (2)

Reference (2) ((2 results))

  • 1. Effective Income Tax and Transfer Rates: Technical Reference Note
    Notices and consultations: 75F0002M2019006
    Description:

    In 2018, Statistics Canada released two new data tables with estimates of effective tax and transfer rates for individual tax filers and census families. These estimates are derived from the Longitudinal Administrative Databank. This publication provides a detailed description of the methods used to derive the estimates of effective tax and transfer rates.

    Release date: 2019-04-16
  • 2. Income Estimates for Subprovincial Areas
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 4301
    Description: This annual survey produced estimates of per-capita and aggregate amounts of personal and personal disposable income, of money income before and after tax, of income tax and direct taxes; estimates of aggregate wages and salaries, self-employment income, government transfer payments, investment income including rents, and miscellaneous money income.

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