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- 21. Low-paid Employment and 'Moving Up' ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M2004003Description:
This study profiles Canadian workers with low weekly earnings in their main job in 1996 and examines their upward mobility in 2001, using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID).
Release date: 2004-03-26 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002194Geography: CanadaDescription:
The wage progression of less skilled workers is of particular policy interest in light of evidence of skill-biased technology changes. There exist two conflicting views regarding the wage progression of less skilled workers. One view believes that work experience is the driving force for wage growth of less skilled workers, so effective policies should encourage workers to participate in the labour market and accumulate work experience. The other view stresses that less skilled workers are usually locked into dead-end jobs in which wages are stagnant and policies that facilitate job shopping (changing jobs and employers) would be desirable.
Job tenure is a key factor in testing the hypothesis that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs. If the return to tenure is zero, the hypothesis cannot be rejected. An extended human capital model of wage growth for less skilled workers is estimated using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) 1993 to 1998. In order to compare the wage growth mechanisms for workers with different skill endowments, the model is also estimated for workers with higher skill levels. The result implies that the return to job tenure for less skilled workers is significantly different from zero. This is inconsistent with the view that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs.
The return to job tenure is also found to be greater than the return to total labour market experience for less skilled workers. This finding supports the notion that firm-specific human capital acquired by less skilled workers substitutes for their generally low human capital endowments and the accumulation of firm-specific human capital by less skilled workers greatly improves their earnings prospect.
Release date: 2002-12-06 - Articles and reports: 71-584-M2002004Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper addresses pay differentials between the sexes in terms of the characteristics of the individual worker, the tasks of the worker, the employment contract between the worker and the workplace, and the contribution of specific workplace characteristics to these pay differentials.
Release date: 2002-07-30 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M2002001Description: This paper assesses the effects of subjective health and disability on a wide range of reasons for job separation, while controlling for other factors. The data are from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID).Release date: 2002-06-25
- 25. The male-female wage gap ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X20010126036Geography: CanadaDescription:
The issue of male-female wage inequality is complex, and requires analysis from a number of different perspectives. This article demonstrates the importance of measurement, decomposition techniques and differences in the gap along the wage scale.
Release date: 2001-12-17 - Articles and reports: 21-601-M2001043Description:
This report provides a preliminary analysis of the effects of change on income and employment in rural areas of Canada, its influence on the risk of social exclusion and disadvantage (i.e., low income and low pay), and the differences that may arise in relation to non-rural areas.
Release date: 2001-02-09 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2001157Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article uses data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) to investigate the extent to which factors not previously explored in the Canadian context account for wage differences between men and women. Like other studies using standard decomposition techniques and controlling for a variety of productivity-related characteristics, the results demonstrate that men still enjoy a wage advantage over women: women's average hourly wage rate is about 84% - 89% of the men's average. Unlike other studies, controls for work experience and job-related responsibilities are used. Gender differences in full-year, full-time work experience explain at most, 12% of the gender wage gap. Gender differences in the opportunity to supervise and to perform certain tasks account for about 5% of the gender wage gap. Yet despite the long list of productivity related factors, a substantial portion of the gender wage gap cannot be explained.
Many studies rely on measures such as age or potential experience (= age minus number of years of schooling minus six) as a proxy for actual labour market. Neither of these measures account for complete withdrawals from the labour market nor for restrictions on the number of hours worked per week or on the number of weeks worked per year due to family-related responsibilities. The results show that proxies for experience yield larger adjusted gender wage gaps than when actual experience is used.
Release date: 2001-01-30 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M1999008Description:
This article investigates the extent to which factors not previously explored in the Canadian context account for wage differences between men and women. It uses data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID).
Release date: 1999-12-20 - Articles and reports: 63F0002X1999024Description:
In recent years, Canada's economy has continued to become more service-based. This shift is particularly evident when examining information by sector for Canada's workforce. This paper offers a descriptive historical overview of changes in employment and remuneration in the services sector during the 1984-97 period. Changes in full-time employment, part-time employment, self-employment, and average wages and salaries are noted.
As well, particular attention is devoted to shifts in these indicators for such service industries as: finance, insurance and real estate services; business services; food and beverage services; communication services; amusement and recreation services; and traveler accommodation services.
Release date: 1999-06-17 - 30. Factors Associated with Local Economic Growth ArchivedArticles and reports: 21-006-X1998006Geography: CanadaDescription:
Many rural communities are searching for ways to stimulate local economic growth. Some factors are unique to a particular time and place. But are there other factors that will foster growth over time? The purpose of this bulletin is to review some of the factors associated with local economic growth.
Release date: 1999-04-23
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- Articles and reports: 14-28-0001202000100007Description:
In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Employees with low pay indicator measures the proportion of employees earning less than two-thirds of the median hourly earnings (before tax and other deductions) at their main job.
Release date: 2022-05-30 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2016378Description:
In spite of the role that employers may play in the selection of economic immigrants, little is known about whether and how firm-level characteristics are associated with immigrants’ labour market outcomes over the longer term. As a first step towards providing relevant evidence, this study asks whether there are large gaps between the initial earnings of immigrants starting with low- or high-paying firms, and whether the initial earnings gaps narrow with increasing length of residence in Canada. It further examines whether earnings returns to human capital among immigrants are larger if they start working in high-paying firms than in low-paying firms. This paper uses data from the Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD) developed by Statistics Canada.
Release date: 2016-06-01 - 3. International differences in low-paid work ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200910613231Geography: CanadaDescription:
Like the United States and the United Kingdom, Canada has a higher proportion of low-paid jobs than Australia and most countries in continental Europe. While the differences with continental Europe highlight different approaches to the labour market, the much lower rate of low-paid work in Australia is more puzzling since that country shares many similarities with Canada. Differences in wage-setting mechanisms appear to play a role in explaining the disparity in rates of low-paid jobs.
Release date: 2009-09-18 - 4. Adapting to Import Competition: Effects of Low-wage Trade on Commodity Mix in Canadian Manufacturing Plants ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0027M2008054Geography: CanadaDescription:
The paper investigates how Canadian manufacturing plants adjust to an increase in low-wage import competition by changing their commodity portfolios. At the commodity level, we distinguish between 'core' versus 'peripheral' and differentiated versus homogeneous commodities. We also account for cost and technological complementarities using input-output linkages between commodities produced by a plant. We document large commodity turnover within plants over the period from 1988 to 1996. The largest changes happened in multi-commodity plants and involved peripheral commodities. The commodities that were affected the most were those commodities that are potentially used as inputs in production of the 'core' commodity; homogeneous (rather than differentiated) commodities; and, commodities with relatively weak input complementarities with the core product. Plants experiencing large import competition shifted their output toward production of their core commodity and away from production of unrelated peripheral commodities.
Release date: 2008-05-16 - 5. High School Dropouts Returning to School ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-595-M2008055Geography: CanadaDescription:
Dropout rates, defined as the proportion of 20 to 24 year-olds without a high school diploma and not attending school, have been trending downward. Data from the Labour Force Survey shows that the rate for men fell from 21% in 1990/1991 to 14% in 2004/2005; for women, the rates were 16% in 1990/1991 and 9% in 2004/2005. Many dropouts later return to school, taking advantage of the 'second-chance' educational opportunities offered by provinces and institutions across Canada.
This report uses data from the Youth in Transition Survey to analyze the determinants of the return-to-school. The analysis finds that dropout rates are lower among young women than among young men and that, if they do dropout before completing high school, young women are also more likely to return to school than young men.
Young male and female dropouts are influenced by different factors in their decision to return to school. For young male dropouts, two of the strongest predictors of the decision to return to school are their parents' education and having taken, in high school, a mathematics course designed to prepare them for postsecondary studies. Young men who dropped out in their last year of high school were more likely to return to school than their counterparts who had dropped out earlier. For young women, time elapsed since leaving school is the most influential factor. However, young women who left school due to personal reasons (most often, pregnancy) are 30% more likely to return than other female dropouts.
Release date: 2008-04-09 - Articles and reports: 21-006-X2007004Geography: CanadaDescription:
The objective of this paper is to document the characteristics of the rural and urban working poor specifically, those individuals living in a low-income economic family unit in 2003, who were not full-time students and who worked for pay for at least one hour in 2003. We then present some of the factors associated with their situation.
Release date: 2008-01-14 - Articles and reports: 89-001-X20070019644Geography: CanadaDescription:
The North American experience with international migration stands in unique contrast to much of the rest of the world. This paper uses microdata drawn from the national censuses of Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and applies the same methodological framework to these data to examine the impact of international migration on the labour market. We find a numerically comparable and statistically significant inverse relation between immigrant-induced shifts in labour supply and wages in each of the three countries: A 10% labour supply shift is associated with about a 3% to 4% opposite-signed change in wages. Despite the similarity in the wage elasticity, the impact of international migration on the wage structure differs significantly across countries. In Canada, international migration substantially narrowed wage inequality because immigrants in Canada tend to be disproportionately high-skilled. In the United States, international migration substantially increased wage inequality because immigrants in the United States tend to be disproportionately low-skilled. In Mexico, however, emigration rates are highest in the middle of the skill distribution and lowest at the extremes. As a result, international migration greatly increased relative wages in the middle of the Mexican skill distribution and lowered relative wages at the extremes. Paradoxically, the large-scale migration of workers from Mexico may have slightly reduced the relative wage of the low-skill workers remaining in that country.
Release date: 2007-05-25 - Articles and reports: 11-621-M2006039Geography: CanadaDescription:
Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) this study examines the labour market experience of Canadians who hold a university diploma and who worked at least one month in a job requiring no more than a high school diploma between 1993 and 2001.
Release date: 2006-04-06 - 9. Low Wage and Low Income ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M2006006Description:
This report examines the transitions into and out of low income and the persistence of low income among Canadians. It also examines the incidence of low wage among full-time workers and the extent to which low wage workers live in low income families.
Release date: 2006-04-06 - Articles and reports: 11-621-M2006037Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study examines China's principal imports from Canada and the world between 1998 and 2004 using the United Nations "UN Comtrade" Database. The study focuses on exports by key Canadian industries to China such as organic chemicals, wood pulp, metal and wheat.
Release date: 2006-03-14
Reference (2)
Reference (2) ((2 results))
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1994008Description:
This document describes the survey content for the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) income data questionnaire and explains the interview process.
Release date: 1995-12-30 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1995012Description:
This paper describes the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) income data collection procedures and provides an overview of the interview process. May 1995 was the first year respondents could choose to carry out the interview as in the previous year, or they could grant permission for Statistics Canada to access their income tax returns from Revenue Canada and forego the interview.
Release date: 1995-12-30
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