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- Articles and reports: 81-003-X20010036215Geography: CanadaDescription:
This research paper documents patterns of self-employment among postsecondary graduates categorized by level of study in the five years immediately following their graduation.
Release date: 2002-06-26 - Articles and reports: 87-004-X20010046202Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article looks at the labour market experiences of recent culture graduates, with a focus on comparing university graduates with their community college and collège d'enseignement général et professionel (CEGEP) counterparts.
Release date: 2002-06-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002164Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the early career outcomes of recent Canadian Bachelor's level graduates by discipline based on three waves of the National Graduates Surveys, which comprise large, representative databases of individuals who successfully completed their programmes at Canadian universities in 1982, 1986, and 1990, with information gathered during interviews conducted two and five years after graduation for each group of graduates (1984/87, 1988/92, 1990/95).
The outcomes analysed, all broken down by sex and discipline, include: the distribution of graduates by field and the percentage of female graduates; the percentage of graduates who subsequently completed another educational programme; the overall evaluation of the choice of major (would they choose it again?); unemployment rates, the percentage of workers in part-time jobs, in temporary jobs, self-employed; the job-education skill and credentials matches; earnings levels and rates of growth; and job satisfaction (earnings, overall).
Many of the outcomes conform to expectations, typically reflecting the different orientations of the various disciplines with respect to direct career preparedness, with the professions and other applied disciplines generally characterised by lower unemployment rates, closer skill and qualification matches, higher earnings, and so on. On the other hand, while the "applied" fields also tend to perform well in terms of the "softer", more subjective measures regarding job satisfaction and the overall evaluation of the chosen programme (would the graduate choose the same major again?), the findings also indicate that graduates' assessments of their post-graduation experiences and overall evaluations of the programmes from which they graduated are based on more than simply adding up standard measures of labour market "success", with the job satisfaction scores and - perhaps most interestingly - the overall programme evaluations often departing from what the objective measures (unemployment rates, earnings levels, etc.) might have predicted. Some implications of the findings are discussed and avenues for future research are suggested.
Release date: 2002-03-21 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002183Geography: CanadaDescription:
Changes in the labour market such as an increase in the incidence of part-time, part-year work, multiple job holding and self-employment have often been conjectured as demand-driven shifts - that is, that they have resulted from a lack of more traditional job opportunities rather than in response to workers' changing preferences. Yet while the issue of non-standard work is an interesting and important one, there is relatively little existing empirical evidence on the topic.
The general purpose of this paper is to report the results of an empirical analysis that exploits the self-employment status indicator available in the National Graduates Survey (and Follow-Up) databases. It documents and analyses the patterns of self-employment amongst several cohorts of Canadian post-secondary graduates in the first five years following graduation. More specifically, it provides solid empirical documentation of the incidence of self-employment (levels, patterns, trends) amongst recent college and university graduates, overall, and broken down by degree level, sex and year of graduation. This paper also addresses the issue of whether self-employment tends to be the preferred employment option (for those who enter it), or the result of a lack of suitable "conventional" employment opportunities, or some combination of the two.
There are two over-arching conclusions to be drawn from the analysis. First, the incidence of self-employment was relatively stable for the first three cohorts of graduates covered in the analysis. The overall rates ranged from 6.5 to 11.1 percent amongst male graduates and from 3.2 to 6.7 percent for females. The rates tended to be higher for some (but not all) graduates of the most recent cohort (graduates of 1995). Second, the evidence generally points to self-employment representing a relatively attractive job status on average: For every cohort the rates of self-employment rise from the first interview following graduation (after two years) to the second (after five years), an interval over which job opportunities generally improve significantly for graduates; Simple point-in-time (cross-sectional) comparisons of earnings, the job-education skill match, and job satisfaction levels suggest that although the results are somewhat mixed, there is little evidence that the self-employment status is generally characterized by less favourable outcomes, and is perhaps particularly marked by generally higher (not lower) overall levels of job satisfaction;Finally, both the conventional cross-sectional earnings model and the difference equations which control for various fixed effects with which job status might be correlated, further point to self-employment being a higher-paying (and therefore more attractive) job status than the conventional paid worker status.
Release date: 2002-03-21 - Articles and reports: 89-552-M2001009Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study compares the pattern of returns to the education required by an individual's job, including education beyond and below that level, to patterns in other countries. It explores the relationship between literacy skills and the educational requirements of an individual's job.
Release date: 2002-01-25 - Articles and reports: 81-003-X20000035715Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study explores why female university students, who outnumber male students, remain underrepresented in several professions, including engineering.
Release date: 2001-06-08 - Articles and reports: 81-003-X20000035717Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article examines the labour market outcomes of culture graduates at the university level.
Release date: 2001-06-08 - Articles and reports: 81-003-X20000025524Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study examines the extent to which postsecondary graduates use their acquired skills, and the correspondence of their educational qualifications to the job requirements.
Release date: 2001-03-01 - 19. Stateward bound ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X19990044912Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article describes a group of Canadian postsecondary graduates who relocated to the United States.
Release date: 2000-03-16 - 20. Literacy in the workplace [1994] ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19990024604Geography: CanadaDescription:
Previous studies of the job skills gap have focused on the problem of workers with literacy deficits. Yet, in terms of the costs to individuals, firms and the national economy, literacy surplus (or underemployment) is equally important. This article examines the "fit" or "mismatch" between job requirements and workers' literacy skills, profiling patterns of literacy use and under-use in the labour market. (Adapted from a report published by Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada.)
Release date: 1999-06-09
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- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202400900001Description: Little is known about the workforce utilization of Canadian men with a nursing education, who accounted for 12% of people eligible to practise nursing in 2021 (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2022). This article compares racialized and White men aged 25 to 64 years with a nursing education in terms of their skill utilization in the workforce.Release date: 2024-09-25
- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300500001Description: The increase in the number of job vacancies observed in Canada over the last few years has attracted considerable attention. This article provides new insights on this issue by comparing the number of job vacancies requiring a given education level with the number of unemployed individuals with such education.Release date: 2023-05-24
- Articles and reports: 75-006-X202000100003Description:
Based on data from the 2018 National Graduates Survey, this study examines the participation of 2015 postsecondary graduates in work-integrated learning (WIL), such as a co-op placement, placement, internship or clinical placement. This study examines, among other things, whether there is a link between participation in WIL and the labour market outcomes of graduates, three years after graduation.
Release date: 2020-05-25 - 4. Adult learning and the world of work ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-004-X200800210644Description:
This article provides information on employer-sponsored training in Canada. It examines the reasons for participating in adult education and training, the labour force status of participants, the impact of job and workplace characteristics on adult learning and the relationship between skills match-mismatch and participation in adult learning. The findings summarized here are based on analysis of data from the 1994 International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), undertaken in 1994, and the international Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL), undertaken in 2003 ((the Canadian component is called the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS)). The analysis is provided from an international perspective, with the situation in Canada being compared to that of three other countries - Norway, Switzerland and the United States.
Release date: 2008-06-16 - 5. Adult Learning: A Comparative Perspective: Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey ArchivedArticles and reports: 89-552-M2007017Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study provides comparative estimates of participation in adult education and training courses and programmes, duration of studies, engagement in informal learning and sources of direct financial support, based on results of the 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS), the Canadian component of the Adult Literacy and Life Skills study. It also examines levels of inequality in adult learning and reasons for participating in adult education and training, including the role of labour force status and job and workplace characteristics. Finally, it presents a review of the relationship between actual skill use and participation in both organized and informal forms of adult learning. Comparisons are made between Canadian provinces and territories and three selected countries, namely Norway, Switzerland and the United States.
Release date: 2007-10-12 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006236Geography: CanadaDescription:
In a setting where training or promotion opportunity depend on expected initial ability, the effects of signalling initial skills on wages may last well beyond the period when knowledge of a workers' skill set is fully known. This paper proposes extending recent tests for signalling to better accommodate training differences by using firm-level characteristics and applying these tests to a large sample of MBA and law graduates from different ranked schools.
Release date: 2006-01-05 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005248Geography: CanadaDescription:
We examine the evolution of low-paid work and the position of economically vulnerable families in Canada over the last two decades. Despite substantial growth in workers' educational attainment and experience, the proportion of jobs paying less than $10.00 per hour has remained fairly stable since the early 1980s. However, union coverage in low-paid jobs has dropped, especially for males. The risk of job loss has changed little but the proportion of newly hired employees who hold temporary jobs has increased markedly, thereby indicating important changes in the employer-employee relationship. Despite their rising educational attainment, most low earners (except women aged 25 to 29) have not seen their chances of escaping low earnings improved between the 1980s and the 1990s.
Of all full-time employees, 5% were low-paid and lived in low income families in 1980 and 2000. In 2000, individuals with no high school diploma, recent immigrants, unattached individuals, lone mothers and persons living alone accounted for fully 71% of all full-time workers in low-paid jobs and in low-income, but only 37% of all full-time workers. While members of these five groups account for the majority of low-paid workers in low-income families, two of these groups have seen their economic position declined significantly: low-educated couples and recent immigrants.
Release date: 2005-04-25 - Articles and reports: 81-595-M2003003Geography: CanadaDescription:
This report provides a description of the labour-market outcomes experienced by 1995 postsecondary graduates, by gender and by field of specialization.
Release date: 2003-02-24 - 9. I still feel overqualified for my job ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X20020036397Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article addresses overqualification, which concerns both workers and employers because people who hold jobs that make few demands on their skills have lower earnings and lower levels of productivity.
Release date: 2002-12-17 - Articles and reports: 71-584-M2002004Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper addresses pay differentials between the sexes in terms of the characteristics of the individual worker, the tasks of the worker, the employment contract between the worker and the workplace, and the contribution of specific workplace characteristics to these pay differentials.
Release date: 2002-07-30
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