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- 1. Women's earnings/men's earnings ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19990044755Geography: CanadaDescription:
In addition to the Survey of Consumer Finances, the Labour Force Survey now provides a way of comparing women's earnings with men's. The tow measures are explained here, as are the reasons for the sizable gap between them.
Release date: 1999-12-01 - 2. Non-profit Managers and Cross Sectoral Experience: Interviews with Canada Red Cross Society Managers ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M1999006Description:
This paper explores the management development profiles of mid-to-senior level managers of the Canadian Red Cross Society.
Release date: 1999-09-27 - Articles and reports: 89-552-M1999006Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study examines the general finding that Canadian youth from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to perform better on the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) than do youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. It also looks at whether this applies to states within the United States.
Release date: 1999-09-22 - 4. University graduates at college ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X19990024659Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article looks at university graduates with bachelor's degrees who entered a college program within two years of graduating.
Release date: 1999-09-09 - 5. Baby boom women - then and now ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19990034683Geography: CanadaDescription:
Have baby boom women had an easier path through the labour market than women a generation older or younger? This article studies the "success" of baby boom women by looking at their situation in 1977 and 1997 and comparing it with that of the preceding and succeeding generations, using four major indicators: labour force participation; full-time employment; unemployment; and full-year full-time earnings.
Release date: 1999-09-01 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999135Geography: CanadaDescription:
Two quasi-experiments are used to estimate the impact of parental divorce on the adult incomes and labour market behaviour of adolescents, as well as on their use of social programs, and their marital/fertility behaviour. These involve the use of individuals experiencing the death of a parent, and legislative changes to the Canadian divorce law in 1986. Parental loss by death is assumed to be exogenous; the experiences of children with a bereaved background offering a benchmark to assess the endogeneity of parental loss through divorce. Differences between individuals with divorced parents and those from intact and bereaved families significantly overstate the impact of divorce across a broad range of outcomes. When background characteristics are controlled for-most notably the income and labour market activity of parents in the years leading up to the divorce-parental divorce seems to influence the marital and fertility decisions of children, but not their labour market outcomes. Adolescents whose parents divorced tend to put off marriage, and once married suffer a greater likelihood of marital instability, but their earnings and incomes are not on average much different from others.
Release date: 1999-06-09 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999133Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper highlights recent developments in self-employment in Canada and explores its relationship to unemployment/full-time paid-employment. There are now two and a half million Canadians working at their own businesses, amounting to 16.2% of the total labour force or accounting for 17.8% of total employment. In the first eight years of the 1990s, self-employment on average expanded by 4.1% per year, contributing to over three out of four new jobs the economy has created. Entry and exit data demonstrate that there are substantial flows into and out of this sector of the economy. Gross flows into and out of self-employment as the main labour market activity averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
The fixed-effects modelling results show a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). This conclusion holds true across different data sources, for different time periods, for different measures and definitions, for different empirical samples, and across various estimating techniques. There is also a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between exits out of self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). It appears that a host of non-cyclical factors are behind the recent surge in self-employment.
Release date: 1999-04-27 - 8. Why Do Children Move into and out of Low Income: Changing Labour Market Conditions or Marriage and Divorce ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1999132Geography: CanadaDescription:
Child poverty is high on the government's agenda. In order to reduce the rate of low-income among children, one has to either reduce the number of children flowing into low-income, or increase the number flowing out. But what is behind such movement? Most analysts would immediately think of job loss among the parents, but obviously divorce and remarriage can also play a role. In order to favourably alter the flows, one has to have some understanding of what is driving them. This paper asks to what extent this movement of children is determined by (1) changes in family status of the parents of children, or (2) changes in the parent's labour market conditions (i.e. job loss and gain, changes in hours of work or wages). We find that for an individual child, a divorce or marriage can have a tremendous influence on the likelihood of entering or exiting low-income. At the level of the individual, changes in family composition (when they occur) are more important than changes in jobs held by parents. However, changes in family status are relatively infrequent compared to labour market changes. Parents are much more likely to lose or find jobs, and experience changes in hours worked or wages, than they are to marry or divorce. When this is accounted for we find that, in the aggregate, flows of children into and out of low income are associated roughly equally with family compositional changes and changes in wages and hours worked.
Release date: 1999-04-21 - 9. Youth employment: a lesson on its decline ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-003-X19980034471Geography: CanadaDescription:
Earlier this decade, labour market conditions for young Canadians aged 15-24 deteriorated significantly. In the late 1980s, youths were more likely to be working than were adults. By 1997, only about half were employed, almost ten percentage points less than adults. Furthermore, when they did find work, youths today are more likely to be working part-time compared to adults and compared to yourths at the start of the decade, leading to reduced pay.
Release date: 1999-03-31 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999134Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper i) documents the extent and cyclicality of self-employment entry and exit flows; ii) explores transitions to and from self-employment; and iii) investigates the influence of individual characteristics and labour market experience as well as macroeconomic conditions on the probability of moving into or out of self-employment.
The self-employed sector now employs over two and a half million Canadian workers, has expanded on average by over 4% a year so far in this decade and accounted for over three out of every four new jobs the economy has created. There are substantial flows both into and out of self-employment over the last 15 years. Gross flows into and out of self-employment averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
Regression results reveal no statistical evidence supporting the dominance of the push hypothesis over the pull hypothesis --- the notion that people are increasingly pushed into self-employment by deteriorating economic conditions. This analysis is done both through time-series analysis and the analysis of the determinants of flows into (and out of) self-employment. As in paid employment, younger Canadians are subject to higher turnover in self-employment --- they are not only more likely to enter but also substantially more likely to leave self-employment. Prior paid-employment experience and prior self-employment experience are both found to be associated with a higher likelihood of entering self-employment. The longer one is self-employed, the less likely he/she is going to leave the business. Having a spouse in business (being self-employed) substantially increases the likelihood of the other spouse becoming self-employed --- a self-employed spouse often attracts the other to either join the family business or start their own. We also find evidence that steady family income through paid-employment from one spouse increases the self-employed's (the other spouse's) affordability to continue with the business venture and hence reduces the likelihood of leaving self-employment.
Release date: 1999-03-22
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Analysis (12)
Analysis (12) (0 to 10 of 12 results)
- 1. Women's earnings/men's earnings ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19990044755Geography: CanadaDescription:
In addition to the Survey of Consumer Finances, the Labour Force Survey now provides a way of comparing women's earnings with men's. The tow measures are explained here, as are the reasons for the sizable gap between them.
Release date: 1999-12-01 - 2. Non-profit Managers and Cross Sectoral Experience: Interviews with Canada Red Cross Society Managers ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M1999006Description:
This paper explores the management development profiles of mid-to-senior level managers of the Canadian Red Cross Society.
Release date: 1999-09-27 - Articles and reports: 89-552-M1999006Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study examines the general finding that Canadian youth from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to perform better on the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) than do youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. It also looks at whether this applies to states within the United States.
Release date: 1999-09-22 - 4. University graduates at college ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X19990024659Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article looks at university graduates with bachelor's degrees who entered a college program within two years of graduating.
Release date: 1999-09-09 - 5. Baby boom women - then and now ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19990034683Geography: CanadaDescription:
Have baby boom women had an easier path through the labour market than women a generation older or younger? This article studies the "success" of baby boom women by looking at their situation in 1977 and 1997 and comparing it with that of the preceding and succeeding generations, using four major indicators: labour force participation; full-time employment; unemployment; and full-year full-time earnings.
Release date: 1999-09-01 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999135Geography: CanadaDescription:
Two quasi-experiments are used to estimate the impact of parental divorce on the adult incomes and labour market behaviour of adolescents, as well as on their use of social programs, and their marital/fertility behaviour. These involve the use of individuals experiencing the death of a parent, and legislative changes to the Canadian divorce law in 1986. Parental loss by death is assumed to be exogenous; the experiences of children with a bereaved background offering a benchmark to assess the endogeneity of parental loss through divorce. Differences between individuals with divorced parents and those from intact and bereaved families significantly overstate the impact of divorce across a broad range of outcomes. When background characteristics are controlled for-most notably the income and labour market activity of parents in the years leading up to the divorce-parental divorce seems to influence the marital and fertility decisions of children, but not their labour market outcomes. Adolescents whose parents divorced tend to put off marriage, and once married suffer a greater likelihood of marital instability, but their earnings and incomes are not on average much different from others.
Release date: 1999-06-09 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999133Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper highlights recent developments in self-employment in Canada and explores its relationship to unemployment/full-time paid-employment. There are now two and a half million Canadians working at their own businesses, amounting to 16.2% of the total labour force or accounting for 17.8% of total employment. In the first eight years of the 1990s, self-employment on average expanded by 4.1% per year, contributing to over three out of four new jobs the economy has created. Entry and exit data demonstrate that there are substantial flows into and out of this sector of the economy. Gross flows into and out of self-employment as the main labour market activity averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
The fixed-effects modelling results show a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). This conclusion holds true across different data sources, for different time periods, for different measures and definitions, for different empirical samples, and across various estimating techniques. There is also a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between exits out of self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). It appears that a host of non-cyclical factors are behind the recent surge in self-employment.
Release date: 1999-04-27 - 8. Why Do Children Move into and out of Low Income: Changing Labour Market Conditions or Marriage and Divorce ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1999132Geography: CanadaDescription:
Child poverty is high on the government's agenda. In order to reduce the rate of low-income among children, one has to either reduce the number of children flowing into low-income, or increase the number flowing out. But what is behind such movement? Most analysts would immediately think of job loss among the parents, but obviously divorce and remarriage can also play a role. In order to favourably alter the flows, one has to have some understanding of what is driving them. This paper asks to what extent this movement of children is determined by (1) changes in family status of the parents of children, or (2) changes in the parent's labour market conditions (i.e. job loss and gain, changes in hours of work or wages). We find that for an individual child, a divorce or marriage can have a tremendous influence on the likelihood of entering or exiting low-income. At the level of the individual, changes in family composition (when they occur) are more important than changes in jobs held by parents. However, changes in family status are relatively infrequent compared to labour market changes. Parents are much more likely to lose or find jobs, and experience changes in hours worked or wages, than they are to marry or divorce. When this is accounted for we find that, in the aggregate, flows of children into and out of low income are associated roughly equally with family compositional changes and changes in wages and hours worked.
Release date: 1999-04-21 - 9. Youth employment: a lesson on its decline ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-003-X19980034471Geography: CanadaDescription:
Earlier this decade, labour market conditions for young Canadians aged 15-24 deteriorated significantly. In the late 1980s, youths were more likely to be working than were adults. By 1997, only about half were employed, almost ten percentage points less than adults. Furthermore, when they did find work, youths today are more likely to be working part-time compared to adults and compared to yourths at the start of the decade, leading to reduced pay.
Release date: 1999-03-31 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999134Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper i) documents the extent and cyclicality of self-employment entry and exit flows; ii) explores transitions to and from self-employment; and iii) investigates the influence of individual characteristics and labour market experience as well as macroeconomic conditions on the probability of moving into or out of self-employment.
The self-employed sector now employs over two and a half million Canadian workers, has expanded on average by over 4% a year so far in this decade and accounted for over three out of every four new jobs the economy has created. There are substantial flows both into and out of self-employment over the last 15 years. Gross flows into and out of self-employment averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
Regression results reveal no statistical evidence supporting the dominance of the push hypothesis over the pull hypothesis --- the notion that people are increasingly pushed into self-employment by deteriorating economic conditions. This analysis is done both through time-series analysis and the analysis of the determinants of flows into (and out of) self-employment. As in paid employment, younger Canadians are subject to higher turnover in self-employment --- they are not only more likely to enter but also substantially more likely to leave self-employment. Prior paid-employment experience and prior self-employment experience are both found to be associated with a higher likelihood of entering self-employment. The longer one is self-employed, the less likely he/she is going to leave the business. Having a spouse in business (being self-employed) substantially increases the likelihood of the other spouse becoming self-employed --- a self-employed spouse often attracts the other to either join the family business or start their own. We also find evidence that steady family income through paid-employment from one spouse increases the self-employed's (the other spouse's) affordability to continue with the business venture and hence reduces the likelihood of leaving self-employment.
Release date: 1999-03-22
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