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- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300400004Description: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the Canadian economy in numerous ways, one of which was changing the relationship between growth in production, and changes in real consumption and real gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). Typically, real consumption and real GFCF are expected to progress similarly to real gross domestic product (GDP), however during the period covered by the COVID-19 pandemic, real consumption and real GFCF grew at a stronger pace than real GDP. This article illustrates how examining real income rather than real production can address this paradox. Specifically, the roles of changes in production (the use of capital, labour and multifactor productivity used to produce real GDP) and changes in non-production sources of real income growth (the trading gain and net income from abroad) are examined.Release date: 2023-05-08
- 2. A snapshot of licensed cannabis producers ArchivedArticles and reports: 13-605-X201800154961Description:
Statistics Canada conducted a survey on Canada's licensed cannabis producers in the fourth quarter of 2017 and early 2018. Businesses in this survey are cannabis producers that were licensed by Health Canada as of September 2017. The survey collected information on production, inventories, revenue, expenses, employment and capital expenditures for the years 2015 and 2016. Additional information was obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency's corporate income tax and payroll deduction records and from Health Canada's regulatory data.
Release date: 2018-04-26 - 3. Productivity Growth and Capacity Utilization ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0027M2013085Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper presents a non-parametric approach for adjusting the multifactor productivity growth (MFPG) measure for variations in capacity utilization over time. In the framework developed here, a capital utilization measure is derived from the economic theory of production and is estimated by comparing the ex-post return with the ex-ante expected return on capital. The non-parametric approach is then compared with the parametric approach and the standard growth accounting framework. Both the non-parametric and parametric approaches correct for the cyclical bias in the standard MFPG measure, but the non-parametric approach offers more practical adjustment for capacity utilization, because it is easier to implement and more in line with the non-parametric approach long used by statistical agencies and researchers.
Release date: 2013-07-23 - Articles and reports: 11-624-M2010025Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production based concept is used, a producing power deflator is necessary. The paper argues that present practice produces a hybrid deflator that fails both purposes when terms of trade shifts are large and offers a solution.
Release date: 2010-01-12 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2009058Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production based concept is used, a producing power deflator is necessary. The paper argues that present practice produces a hybrid deflator that fails both purposes when terms of trade shifts are large and offers a solution.
Release date: 2009-12-10 - Articles and reports: 15-206-X2008022Description:
Many historical comparisons of international productivity use measures of labour productivity (output per worker). Differences in labour productivity can be caused by differences in technical efficiency or differences in capital intensity. Moving to measures of total factor productivity allows international comparisons to ascertain whether differences in labour productivity arise from differences in efficiency or differences in factors utilized in the production process.
This paper examines differences in output per worker in the manufacturing sectors of Canada and the United States in 1929 and the extent to which it arises from efficiency differences. It makes corrections for differences in capital and materials intensity per worker in order to derive a measure of total factor efficiency of Canada relative to the United States, using detailed industry data. It finds that while output per worker in Canada was only about 75% of the United States productivity level, the total factor productivity measure of Canada was about the same as the United States level - that is, there was very little difference in technical efficiency in the two countries. Canada's lower output per worker was the result of the use of less capital and materials per worker than the United States.
Release date: 2008-12-23 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2008050Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines whether or not the long-term government bond rate could reasonably be employed as the rate of return on public capital when calculating public sector gross domestic product. It finds that the rate of return on public capital is lower than often reported and is roughly consistent with the rate of return on private capital. Given that there is a range of estimates that are plausible, the paper concludes that the long-run government bond rate could be used as a conservative estimate for the rate of return for public infrastructure.
Previous studies have shown that production function estimates tend to find rates of return that are implausibly large, while cost function estimates appear more reasonable. This paper shows that public capital and total factor productivity (TFP) growth behave similarly, and argues that production function estimates for the impact of public capital overstate its impact as a result, catching part of what belongs in estimates of TFP. It also shows that the similarity between the growth in public capital and TFP leads to a large confidence interval around public capital elasticity estimates derived from the production function framework. The paper then proceeds by generating a confidence interval from the production function estimated first with and then without TFP growth. It then uses a cost function to pinpoint more precisely estimates for the marginal cost savings from public capital. Importantly, the estimate derived from the cost function is found in the lower part of the confidence interval derived from the production function. The rate of return associated with the overlapping estimates is then shown to cover a range that extends from the average long-run government bond rate to the rate of return on private capital.
Release date: 2008-04-15 - 8. Understanding Productivity: A Primer ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 15-206-X2006002Description:
This paper provides a concise overview in plain language of the concept of productivity by explaining its relevance and usefulness. This paper is intended for users of the Canadian Productivity Accounts who wish to learn more about productivity concepts, in simple terms.
Release date: 2006-04-21 - 9. Productivity Growth in Canada ArchivedJournals and periodicals: 15-204-XDescription:
Productivity growth in Canada (PGC), is the reference publication on productivity in Canada. The objective of this publication is twofold: a) to illustrate the importance of productivity trends on the changes in living standards in Canada and, b) to measure the productivity performance of the Canadian economy in comparison with the United States, in particular. PGC includes articles on productivity and related issues and serves as a vehicle to understanding the sources underlying economic growth in Canada.
Release date: 2003-02-14 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 15-547-XDescription:
Like most statistical agencies, Statistics Canada publishes three Gross Domestic Product (GDP) series. These are the output-based GDP, the income-based GDP and the expenditure-based GDP. This document is aimed at describing the concepts, definitions, classifications and statistical methods underlying the output-based GDP series, also known as GDP by industry or simply monthly GDP.
The report is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 defines what GDP by industry is, describes its various uses and how it connects with the other components of the Canadian System of National Accounts. Chapter 2 deals with the calculation of the GDP by industry estimates. Chapter 3 examines industry and commodity classification schemes. Chapter 4 discusses the subject of deflation. The choice of deflators, the role of the base year and the method of rebasing are all addressed in this chapter. Chapter 5 looks at such technical issues as benchmarking, trading day and seasonal adjustment. Chapter 6 is devoted to the presentation of the GDP by industry, detailing the format, release dates and modes of dissemination, as well as the need and the frequency of revising the estimates. Finally, Chapter 7 reviews the historical development of monthly GDP from 1926 to the present.
Release date: 2002-11-29
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- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300400004Description: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the Canadian economy in numerous ways, one of which was changing the relationship between growth in production, and changes in real consumption and real gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). Typically, real consumption and real GFCF are expected to progress similarly to real gross domestic product (GDP), however during the period covered by the COVID-19 pandemic, real consumption and real GFCF grew at a stronger pace than real GDP. This article illustrates how examining real income rather than real production can address this paradox. Specifically, the roles of changes in production (the use of capital, labour and multifactor productivity used to produce real GDP) and changes in non-production sources of real income growth (the trading gain and net income from abroad) are examined.Release date: 2023-05-08
- 2. A snapshot of licensed cannabis producers ArchivedArticles and reports: 13-605-X201800154961Description:
Statistics Canada conducted a survey on Canada's licensed cannabis producers in the fourth quarter of 2017 and early 2018. Businesses in this survey are cannabis producers that were licensed by Health Canada as of September 2017. The survey collected information on production, inventories, revenue, expenses, employment and capital expenditures for the years 2015 and 2016. Additional information was obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency's corporate income tax and payroll deduction records and from Health Canada's regulatory data.
Release date: 2018-04-26 - 3. Productivity Growth and Capacity Utilization ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0027M2013085Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper presents a non-parametric approach for adjusting the multifactor productivity growth (MFPG) measure for variations in capacity utilization over time. In the framework developed here, a capital utilization measure is derived from the economic theory of production and is estimated by comparing the ex-post return with the ex-ante expected return on capital. The non-parametric approach is then compared with the parametric approach and the standard growth accounting framework. Both the non-parametric and parametric approaches correct for the cyclical bias in the standard MFPG measure, but the non-parametric approach offers more practical adjustment for capacity utilization, because it is easier to implement and more in line with the non-parametric approach long used by statistical agencies and researchers.
Release date: 2013-07-23 - Articles and reports: 11-624-M2010025Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production based concept is used, a producing power deflator is necessary. The paper argues that present practice produces a hybrid deflator that fails both purposes when terms of trade shifts are large and offers a solution.
Release date: 2010-01-12 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2009058Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production based concept is used, a producing power deflator is necessary. The paper argues that present practice produces a hybrid deflator that fails both purposes when terms of trade shifts are large and offers a solution.
Release date: 2009-12-10 - Articles and reports: 15-206-X2008022Description:
Many historical comparisons of international productivity use measures of labour productivity (output per worker). Differences in labour productivity can be caused by differences in technical efficiency or differences in capital intensity. Moving to measures of total factor productivity allows international comparisons to ascertain whether differences in labour productivity arise from differences in efficiency or differences in factors utilized in the production process.
This paper examines differences in output per worker in the manufacturing sectors of Canada and the United States in 1929 and the extent to which it arises from efficiency differences. It makes corrections for differences in capital and materials intensity per worker in order to derive a measure of total factor efficiency of Canada relative to the United States, using detailed industry data. It finds that while output per worker in Canada was only about 75% of the United States productivity level, the total factor productivity measure of Canada was about the same as the United States level - that is, there was very little difference in technical efficiency in the two countries. Canada's lower output per worker was the result of the use of less capital and materials per worker than the United States.
Release date: 2008-12-23 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2008050Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines whether or not the long-term government bond rate could reasonably be employed as the rate of return on public capital when calculating public sector gross domestic product. It finds that the rate of return on public capital is lower than often reported and is roughly consistent with the rate of return on private capital. Given that there is a range of estimates that are plausible, the paper concludes that the long-run government bond rate could be used as a conservative estimate for the rate of return for public infrastructure.
Previous studies have shown that production function estimates tend to find rates of return that are implausibly large, while cost function estimates appear more reasonable. This paper shows that public capital and total factor productivity (TFP) growth behave similarly, and argues that production function estimates for the impact of public capital overstate its impact as a result, catching part of what belongs in estimates of TFP. It also shows that the similarity between the growth in public capital and TFP leads to a large confidence interval around public capital elasticity estimates derived from the production function framework. The paper then proceeds by generating a confidence interval from the production function estimated first with and then without TFP growth. It then uses a cost function to pinpoint more precisely estimates for the marginal cost savings from public capital. Importantly, the estimate derived from the cost function is found in the lower part of the confidence interval derived from the production function. The rate of return associated with the overlapping estimates is then shown to cover a range that extends from the average long-run government bond rate to the rate of return on private capital.
Release date: 2008-04-15 - 8. Productivity Growth in Canada ArchivedJournals and periodicals: 15-204-XDescription:
Productivity growth in Canada (PGC), is the reference publication on productivity in Canada. The objective of this publication is twofold: a) to illustrate the importance of productivity trends on the changes in living standards in Canada and, b) to measure the productivity performance of the Canadian economy in comparison with the United States, in particular. PGC includes articles on productivity and related issues and serves as a vehicle to understanding the sources underlying economic growth in Canada.
Release date: 2003-02-14
Reference (3)
Reference (3) ((3 results))
- 1. Understanding Productivity: A Primer ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 15-206-X2006002Description:
This paper provides a concise overview in plain language of the concept of productivity by explaining its relevance and usefulness. This paper is intended for users of the Canadian Productivity Accounts who wish to learn more about productivity concepts, in simple terms.
Release date: 2006-04-21 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 15-547-XDescription:
Like most statistical agencies, Statistics Canada publishes three Gross Domestic Product (GDP) series. These are the output-based GDP, the income-based GDP and the expenditure-based GDP. This document is aimed at describing the concepts, definitions, classifications and statistical methods underlying the output-based GDP series, also known as GDP by industry or simply monthly GDP.
The report is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 defines what GDP by industry is, describes its various uses and how it connects with the other components of the Canadian System of National Accounts. Chapter 2 deals with the calculation of the GDP by industry estimates. Chapter 3 examines industry and commodity classification schemes. Chapter 4 discusses the subject of deflation. The choice of deflators, the role of the base year and the method of rebasing are all addressed in this chapter. Chapter 5 looks at such technical issues as benchmarking, trading day and seasonal adjustment. Chapter 6 is devoted to the presentation of the GDP by industry, detailing the format, release dates and modes of dissemination, as well as the need and the frequency of revising the estimates. Finally, Chapter 7 reviews the historical development of monthly GDP from 1926 to the present.
Release date: 2002-11-29 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 13F0031M2000003Description:
This report examines the 1997 Canadian System of National Accounts (CSNA) and highlights the remaining differences from the 1993 SNA, thus providing a better understanding of the Canadian System vis-à-vis that of other countries. Our occasional departures from the 1993 SNA guidelines are primarily prompted by pragmatic considerations, such as institutional structure, statistical data sources, availability of resources and their cost-effective use.
Release date: 1998-04-01
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