Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series
Portrait of French-speaking workers in Atlantic Canada's agriculture and agri-food industries, 2006 and 2016

Highlights

• In 2016, 625 of New Brunswick’s 2,255 farms (27.6%) had a French speaking main operator. Of the 5,240 farms in the other Atlantic provinces, 110 (2.1%) had a French speaker as their main operator.
• In New Brunswick, around 35% of farms with a French-speaking main operator were dedicated to fruit and tree nut farming in 2016, almost three times the proportion for farms whose main operator was English-speaking (12.2%).
• In the other Atlantic provinces, farms with a French-speaking main operator were more likely to be relatively small than those with an English-speaking main operator in 2016. These relatively small farms had a farm area of less than 130 acres, farm capital of less than $200,000, and gross farm receipts of less than $25,000.
• In New Brunswick, the number of French-speaking agricultural workers increased between 2006 (2,100 workers) and 2016 (2,410 workers). In the other Atlantic provinces, the number of French-speaking agricultural workers fell over the same period (340 workers in 2006 and 215 in 2016).
• Between 2006 and 2016, the number of French-speaking agri-food workers decreased in both New Brunswick (from 20,440 in 2006 to 17,530 in 2016) and the other Atlantic provinces (from 3,100 in 2006 to 2,455 in 2016).
• The proportion of French-speaking workers in the agriculture and agri-food sectors aged 55 years or older increased in all the Atlantic provinces between 2006 and 2016. In New Brunswick, the proportion of French-speaking agricultural workers aged 55 years or older rose from 22.6% in 2006 to 39.7% in 2016.
• Across the Atlantic provinces, a higher proportion of Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers had not completed high school, compared with their Anglophone counterparts. In 2016, 37.4% of Francophone workers in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector had no diploma, certificate or degree, compared with 22.6% of their Anglophone counterparts.
• In 2016, around 60% of New Brunswick’s French-speaking agricultural workers used only French at work while this was the case of about 40% of their counterparts in the agri-food sector. In the other Atlantic provinces, less than 7% of French-speaking agricultural and agri-food workers used only French at work.

Acknowledgements

This project was carried out as part of a collaboration between Statistics Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) as well as Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED). Thanks go to Martin Fournier and his team at AAFC for their suggestions and comments.

This project was also made possible thanks to the participation of Leon Laborde and his team at Statistic Canada’s Census of Agriculture.

Finally, the author wishes to thank his colleagues at the Centre for Ethnocultural, Language and Immigration Statistics (CELIS) for their advice and revision efforts, particularly Émilie Lavoie, Bertrand Ouellet-Léveillé, and Éric Caron-Malenfant, as well as Isabelle Duncan, Denis Thériault, and Nathalie Villemure for their help finalizing this report.

Introduction

French^Note  speakers in the Atlantic provinces’^Note  agriculture and agri-food industries^Note  have unique characteristics and specific needs as an official language minority. This report profiles farms with a French-speaking main operator^Note  and French-speaking workers in the agriculture and agri-food industries. It also presents the changes in their social, economic and linguistic profile between 2006 and 2016. This report is a follow-up to the “Portrait of French-language workers in Atlantic Canada’s agriculture and agri-food industries”^Note  published in 2017.

Section 1 of this report presents the characteristics of farms whose main operator is French-speaking, based on data from the 2016 Census of Population and the 2016 Census of Agriculture. Using the first official language spoken of the first farm operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire, this section shows how farms with a French-speaking operator differ from other farms in their operating arrangements, farm type, operators’ age group structure and generational profile, declared land tenure, farm area, gross farm receipts, and farm capital. Data are presented for New Brunswick and the other Atlantic provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia). These provinces were combined due to the relatively few farms (110) whose main operator in 2016 was French-speaking.

Section 2 examines French-speaking workers in the agriculture industry of New Brunswick and the other Atlantic provinces, which are combined in this section to provide information on a sufficient number of workers. Using data from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population, this section presents a profile of French-speaking agricultural workers and its evolution between 2006 and 2016 by age group, sex, place of birth, Indigenous identity, education, class of worker, employment income, and languages used at work.

Similarly, section 3 profiles Francophone agri-food workers in New Brunswick and in the other Atlantic provinces, as well as their distribution by the specific industry in which they work.

In 2016, census agricultural regions (CARs)^Note  1, 3, and 4 in New Brunswick were home to many French-speaking workers in the agriculture (between 530 and 1,055) and agri-food (between 3,035 and 8,165) sectors. Worker characteristics in each of these CARs may differ from the profile for all of New Brunswick presented in this report. Thus, data on agricultural and agri-food workers in these CARs appear in Appendices C and E. In addition, Appendix F presents data on workers in the agri-food sectors of Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. In 2016, many French-speaking agri-food workers were living in these provinces (365 and 1,980 respectively).

Lastly, the conclusion summarizes the trends that emerge in the previous sections to present general observations on the situation of French speakers in the Atlantic provinces’ agricultural and agri-food industries.

1. Portrait of farms in the Atlantic provinces whose main operator is French-speaking

This section looks at the characteristics of farms in the Atlantic provinces according to the language of the main operator in order to identify issues that could be of greater importance for farms operated by a French speaker.

The information in this section is based on integrated data from the 2016 Census of Agriculture and the 2016 Census of Population. Combining these data helped determine the first official language spoken—derived from the responses to the Census of Population—of the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire for each of the farms. This operator is responsible for making farm management decisions; it may be the owner or tenant of the operation, or a hired manager. As a result, farm-specific agricultural data can be presented according to the language of the main operator.

In this paper, “French-language farms” will be used to refer to farms whose main operator is French-speaking, and “English-language farms” will be used to refer to farms whose main operator is English-speaking.

There was a significant number of French-language farms in New Brunswick in 2016. Of the province’s 2,255 farms, 625 were French-language farms (27.6%). Moreover, there were no farms in the province with a main operator who was neither English- nor French-speaking in 2016.

There were fewer French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces. Of Newfoundland and Labrador’s 405 farms in 2016, fewer than 10 were French-language farms. Prince Edward Island had 25 French-language farms, representing 2.0% of the province’s 1,355 farms. Lastly, in Nova Scotia, 80 of the province’s 3,480 farms (2.3%) were French-language farms in 2016. In these three provinces, fewer than 10 farms had a main operator who was neither English nor French-speaking.

There needs to be a sufficient number of French-language farms in order to provide relevant statistical information about them. This is why data on French-language farms in the Atlantic provinces, excluding New Brunswick, were combined in this report. Therefore, in the following sections, the information on the “other Atlantic provinces” refers to the combined data for Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. In 2016, there were around 110 French-language farms among these three provinces, representing roughly 2% of the region’s 5,240 farms. Although this number is sufficient to provide information about these farms, it is still relatively low. As a result, caution is required when comparing proportions of English- and French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces.

1.1 Operating arrangements

Data table for Chart 1.1.1



Chart 1.1.1
Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.1.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.1.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Sole proprietorship, Partnership without a written agreement, Partnership with a written agreement, Family corporation, Non-family corporation and Other operating arrangements, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Sole proprietorship	Partnership without a written agreement	Partnership with a written agreement	Family corporation	Non-family corporation	Other operating arrangements
	percent
French FOLS	57.3	5.1	2.6	25.0	9.8	0.0
English FOLS	60.0	12.7	2.5	22.3	2.3	0.2
Total: New Brunswick	59.2	10.6	2.5	23.1	4.4	0.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In 2016, close to six in ten farms were sole proprietorships in New Brunswick. About 23% of farms were family corporations and more than one in ten farms were partnerships without a written agreement.

French-language farms were more likely to be corporations (34.8%)—family or non-family—than English-language farms (24.6%). In contrast, the proportions of French-language farms that were partnerships without a written agreement (5.1%) or sole proprietorships (57.3%) were lower than those of English-language farms (12.7% and 60.0% respectively).

Data table for Chart 1.1.2



Chart 1.1.2
Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.1.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.1.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Sole proprietorship, Partnership without a written agreement, Partnership with a written agreement, Family corporation and Other operating arrangements, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Sole proprietorship	Partnership without a written agreement	Partnership with a written agreement	Family corporation	Other operating arrangements
	percent
French FOLS	59.5	16.7	5.6	15.3	2.9
English FOLS	58.6	13.7	3.8	20.8	3.1
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	58.6	13.8	3.9	20.7	3.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In the other Atlantic provinces, just under three in five farms were sole proprietorships and about one in five farms was a family corporation in 2016. In addition, just under one in seven farm was a partnership without a written agreement.

The operating arrangements of French- and English-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces were relatively similar. The proportion of family corporations was slightly lower for French-language farms (15.3%) than for English-language farms (20.8%), but this was a minor difference, as this proportion represents a small number of French-language farms.

1.2 Type of farm



In New Brunswick, more than six in ten farms were dedicated to crop farming in 2016. More than 18% of the province’s farms produced fruit or tree nuts and 23.5% of farms raised cattle.^Note 

The type of farm operation differed between French- and English-language farms. On the one hand, the proportion of French-language farms dedicated to animal production (22.4%) was lower than for English-language farms (44.0%) in 2016. About one in ten French-language farms raised cattle, compared with more than 28% of English-language farms.

On the other hand, French-language farms were more likely to be involved in crop farming (77.7%) than English-language farms (56.0%). A particularly large proportion of French-language farms was dedicated to fruit and tree nut farming: more than one in three French-language farms in New Brunswick was associated with this type of farm in 2016, compared with one in eight English-language farms.

In 2016, more than 95% of the farm area dedicated to fruit and tree nut farming in New Brunswick was dedicated to blueberry farming.^Note 



In the other Atlantic provinces, the main farm types were similar to those in New Brunswick. In 2016, just over one in five farms in the other Atlantic provinces was dedicated to cattle ranching and farming and a similar proportion of farms produced fruits and tree nuts. Unlike New Brunswick, the farm types of French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces differed little from those of English-language farms.

1.3 Age group and generational profile of operators

Between one and three farm operators per farm can be listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. The people who operate a given farm may belong to the same or to different age groups.

Data table for Chart 1.3.1



Chart 1.3.1
Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.3.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.3.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 35 years, 35 to 54 years, 55 years or over and Different age categories, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 35 years	35 to 54 years	55 years or over	Different age categories
	percent
French FOLS	4.0	32.2	55.3	8.5
English FOLS	5.6	27.5	54.7	12.1
Total: New Brunswick	5.2	28.8	54.9	11.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

New Brunswick farm operators were relatively old. In 2016, nearly 55% of New Brunswick farms were operated exclusively by people aged 55 years or older and around 5%, exclusively by people under the age of 35.

In 2016, the proportion of farms operated exclusively by people aged 55 or older was relatively similar for French- and English-language farms, as was the proportion of exclusively under 35 operators. However, the proportion of New Brunswick farms operated exclusively by persons 35 to 54 years of age was higher for French-language (32.2%) than for English-language farms (27.5%).

The proportion of multigenerational^Note  farms in New Brunswick was lower for French-language farms (5.8%) than for English-language farms (8.0%) in 2016.

Data table for Chart 1.3.2



Chart 1.3.2
Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.3.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.3.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 35 years, 35 to 54 years, 55 years or over and Different age categories, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 35 years	35 to 54 years	55 years or over	Different age categories
	percent
French FOLS	6.5	30.7	52.6	10.2
English FOLS	4.5	29.8	54.2	11.5
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	4.6	29.8	54.1	11.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

The age distribution of farm operators in the other Atlantic provinces was similar to that in New Brunswick. In 2016, 54.1% of farms in the other Atlantic provinces were operated exclusively by persons 55 years or older. Moreover, there were few differences between the age group distribution of English- and French-language farm operators, and the proportion of multigenerational French-language farms (5.6%) was relatively similar to the proportion for English-language farms (7.3%).

1.4 Land tenure

In 2016, more than 93% of New Brunswick farms included land they owned and more than one in five farms included land leased from entities other than governments.

Data table for Chart 1.4.1



Chart 1.4.1
Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.4.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.4.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Area owned, Area leased from governments and Area rented or leased from others, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Area owned	Area leased from governments	Area rented or leased from others
	percent
French FOLS	90.0	13.3	21.2
English FOLS	95.3	3.4	28.7
Total: New Brunswick	93.8	6.2	26.6
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Totals exceed 100% as multiple forms of land tenure can be declared for a farm. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

There were some differences in land tenure between French- and English-language farms in 2016. The proportion of French-language farms that included land they owned (90.0%) was lower than that of English-language farms (95.3%). In addition, French-language farms were less likely to include land leased from non-governmental entities (21.2%) than English-language farms (28.7%). Conversely, the proportion of French-language farms that included land leased from governments (13.3%) was almost four times higher than that of English-language farms (3.4%).

Data table for Chart 1.4.2



Chart 1.4.2
Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.4.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.4.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Area owned, Area leased from governments and Area rented or leased from others, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Area owned	Area leased from governments	Area rented or leased from others
	percent
French FOLS	94.0	0.0	22.3
English FOLS	94.2	6.1	24.4
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	94.2	6.0	24.4
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: Totals exceed 100% as multiple forms of land tenure can be declared for a farm. Zeros may represent values suppressed for confidentiality reasons, a value rounded to zero or a true zero. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

Land tenure on farms in the other Atlantic provinces was similar to that of farms in New Brunswick. In 2016, about 94% of farms in the other Atlantic provinces included land they owned and around one in four farms included land leased from owners other than governments.

Unlike in New Brunswick, there was little difference in the land tenure arrangements of English- and French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces.

1.5.1 Total farm area

Data table for Chart 1.5.1



Chart 1.5.1
Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.5.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.5.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 130 acres, 130 to 399 acres, 400 to 1,119 acres and 1,120 acres and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 130 acres	130 to 399 acres	400 to 1,119 acres	1,120 acres and over
	percent
French FOLS	46.0	29.7	19.9	4.5
English FOLS	36.5	34.5	22.4	6.6
Total: New Brunswick	39.1	33.2	21.7	6.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

Small farms were relatively common in New Brunswick, where about four in ten farms had a farm area of less than 130 acres in 2016. This proportion was higher for French-language farms (46.0%) than for English-language farms (36.5%). Moreover, just over one in four farms in the province covered a farm area of 400 acres or more in 2016. This proportion was 24.4% in French-language farms and 29.0% in English-language farms.

Data table for Chart 1.5.2



Chart 1.5.2
Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.5.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.5.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 130 acres, 130 to 399 acres, 400 to 1,119 acres and 1,120 acres and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 130 acres	130 to 399 acres	400 to 1,119 acres	1,120 acres and over
	percent
French FOLS	68.4	17.7	9.3	4.7
English FOLS	48.9	29.9	16.8	4.5
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	49.3	29.6	16.6	4.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In the other Atlantic provinces, the proportion of farms with a small area (less than 130 acres) was greater than in New Brunswick. In 2016, about half of farms in the other Atlantic provinces were in this category. In addition, around one in five farms covered a large area of over 400 acres.

As in New Brunswick, the proportion of small farms in the other Atlantic provinces was higher among French-language farms than English-language farms. In 2016, more than 68% of French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces had a farm area of less than 130 acres, compared with about 49% of English-language farms.

1.6 Total gross farm receipts

Data table for Chart 1.6.1



Chart 1.6.1
Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.6.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.6.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $25,000, $25,000 to $99,999, $100,000 to $499,999, $500,000 to $1,999,999 and $2,000,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $25,000	$25,000 to $99,999	$100,000 to $499,999	$500,000 to $1,999,999	$2,000,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	43.1	25.6	17.8	10.1	3.4
English FOLS	49.6	20.6	17.6	10.0	2.1
Total: New Brunswick	47.8	22.0	17.7	10.0	2.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

A large proportion of farms in New Brunswick generated low gross farm receipts. Just under half of farms had farm receipts of less than $25,000 in 2016. In contrast, one in eight farms had farm receipts of $500,000 or more. A similar proportion of English- and French-language farms reported this level of income. However, French-language farms were less likely to generate farm receipts below $25,000 (43.1%) than English-language farms (49.6%) in 2016.

Data table for Chart 1.6.2



Chart 1.6.2
Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.6.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.6.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $25,000, $25,000 to $99,999, $100,000 to $499,999 and $500,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $25,000	$25,000 to $99,999	$100,000 to $499,999	$500,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	57.2	22.8	11.6	8.4
English FOLS	47.6	22.8	16.7	13.0
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	47.8	22.8	16.6	12.9
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

Farms in the other Atlantic provinces had similar farm receipts to those in New Brunswick, but French-language farms in this region were not less likely to generate low farm receipts than English-language farms. On the contrary, the proportion of French-language farms reporting farm receipts below $25,000 in 2016 (57.2%) was higher than for English-language farms (47.6%) in the other Atlantic provinces.

1.7 Total farm capital

Data table for Chart 1.7.1



Chart 1.7.1
Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.7.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.7.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $200,000, $200,000 to $499,999, $500,000 to $1,499,999, $1,500,000 to $3,499,999 and $3,500,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $200,000	$200,000 to $499,999	$500,000 to $1,499,999	$1,500,000 to $3,499,999	$3,500,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	28.2	30.6	24.3	9.5	7.4
English FOLS	22.3	35.0	27.3	9.5	5.9
Total: New Brunswick	23.9	33.8	26.4	9.5	6.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

Just under a quarter of New Brunswick farms had farm capital of less than $200,000 in 2016, and about one in six of the province’s farms had high farm capital of $1,500,000 or more.

French-language farms were more likely to have low farm capital (below $200,000) than English-language farms. This was the case for 28.2% of French-language farms, compared with 22.3% of English-language farms. In contrast, the proportion of French-language farms with farm capital of $3,500,000 or more (7.4%) was slightly higher than that of English-language farms (5.9%) in 2016.

Data table for Chart 1.7.2



Chart 1.7.2
Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.7.2 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.7.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $200,000, $200,000 to $499,999, $500,000 to $1,499,999, $1,500,000 to $3,499,999 and $3,500,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $200,000	$200,000 to $499,999	$500,000 to $1,499,999	$1,500,000 to $3,499,999	$3,500,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	34.9	38.6	15.3	6.5	4.7
English FOLS	22.8	31.7	29.0	10.8	5.6
Total: Other Atlantic provinces	23.1	31.9	28.7	10.7	5.6
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In the other Atlantic provinces, a slightly larger proportion of farms had high farm capital than in New Brunswick. Forty-five percent of farms in the other Atlantic provinces had farm capital of $500,000 or more, compared with around 42% of New Brunswick farms.

The proportion of French-language farms in the other Atlantic provinces that had low farm capital was higher than that of English-language farms. More than one-third of French-language farms had farm capital of less than $200,000 in 2016, compared with about 23% of English-language farms. While more than 45% of English-language farms had farm capital of $500,000 or more, less than 27% of French-language farms were in this situation.

2. Social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking workers in the Atlantic provinces’ agriculture industry

This section presents the changes in the social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking agricultural workers in the Atlantic provinces between 2006 and 2016. The term “agricultural workers” includes the farm operators mentioned in the previous section, and also any person aged 15 and older who worked^Note  on a farm, in crop and animal production, in greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production, or in aquaculture. Table A.1 in the Appendix A provides a detailed list of industries in the agriculture sector. The data presented in this section are from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.



The number of agricultural workers aged 15 years or older decreased in the Atlantic provinces between 2006 (24,525 workers) and 2016 (22,135 workers). In 2016, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were the provinces home to the largest number of agricultural workers (over 7,700).

Over the decade, the number of Francophone^Note  agricultural workers increased in the Atlantic provinces, from 2,440 in 2006 to 2,625 in 2016. As a result, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in the Atlantic provinces rose from 9.9% in 2006 to 11.9% in 2016. This growth was mainly driven by New Brunswick, since the number of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces decreased sharply between 2006 (340 workers) and 2016 (215 workers).

In 2016, around 92% of Francophone agricultural workers in the Atlantic provinces lived in New Brunswick. In this province, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers increased from 25.4% to 30.4% between 2006 and 2016. In the other Atlantic provinces, around 2% of agricultural workers were Francophones in 2006 and 2016.

Each province had its particularities with regard to the change in the number of agricultural workers between 2006 and 2016 and the concentration of Francophone agricultural workers in certain census agricultural regions (CARs). Appendix B presents the number of English- and French-speaking agricultural workers based on their CAR of residence, for each Atlantic province.

In New Brunswick in 2016, more than 500 Francophone agricultural workers lived in CAR 1 (N.B.), in the northwest of the province, and in CAR 3 (N.B.), in the southeast. More than 1,000 Francophone agricultural workers were living in CAR 4 (N.B.) in 2016. This CAR, located in northeastern New Brunswick, includes the Acadian Peninsula. The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers was 25.2% in CAR 1 (N.B.), 37.9% in CAR 3 (N.B.), and 84.6% in CAR 4 (N.B.). Since these CARs had large Francophone agricultural worker populations, information on their agricultural workers is provided for each CAR in Appendix C.

Description for Map 2.a



This map shows the percentage change from 2006 to 2016 of the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector, in each of the Atlantic provinces’ census agricultural regions.

On this map, five different colours are used to identify values. Grey represent census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector was too small to calculate its percentage change from 2006 to 2016. In this group, there are five census agricultural regions.

Red represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector decreased by more than 20% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are six census agricultural regions.

Orange represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector decreased by 20% or less between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

Light green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector increased by less than 20% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are two census agricultural regions.

Dark green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector increased by 20% or more between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a grey line. Each census agricultural region is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census agricultural region	Percentage change
1102	-32.7
1103	-38.1
1201	-40.9
1202	-59.6
1203	-51.0
1205	-47.2
1301	11.3
1302	-12.9
1303	4.0
1304	25.1

Map 2.a shows that between 2006 and 2016, the number of Francophone agricultural workers decreased by more than 20% in six of the Atlantic provinces’ CARs, which were located in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. The number of Francophone agricultural workers increased in three CARs, all of which were in New Brunswick. These CARs already had the highest number of Francophone agricultural workers in 2006.

Description for Map 2.b



This map shows the number of French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016 in each of the Atlantic provinces’ census subdivisions.

On this map, we use six different colours to identify values. Dark grey represents census subdivisions for which data is unavailable. In this group, there are six census subdivisions.

Yellow represents census subdivisions where there were between zero and nine French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 771 census subdivisions.

Light green represents census subdivisions where there were between 10 and 29 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 39 census subdivisions.

Dark green represents census subdivisions where there were between 30 and 59 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 17 census subdivisions.

Light blue represents census subdivisions where there were between 60 and 89 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are three census subdivisions.

Dark blue represents census subdivisions where there were 90 or more French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are five census subdivisions.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a red line. Each census subdivision is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census subdivision	Number of workers
1001101	0
1001105	0
1001113	0
1001120	0
1001124	0
1001126	0
1001131	0
1001136	0
1001140	0
1001144	0
1001149	0
1001155	0
1001169	0
1001174	0
1001178	0
1001181	0
1001186	0
1001192	0
1001197	0
1001203	0
1001207	0
1001214	0
1001219	0
1001225	0
1001228	0
1001234	0
1001240	0
1001254	0
1001259	0
1001263	0
1001267	0
1001270	0
1001274	0
1001277	0
1001281	0
1001285	0
1001289	0
1001293	0
1001298	0
1001304	0
1001308	0
1001312	0
1001316	0
1001321	0
1001325	0
1001328	0
1001332	0
1001335	0
1001339	0
1001343	0
1001347	0
1001352	0
1001357	0
1001361	0
1001365	0
1001370	0
1001374	0
1001375	0
1001379	0
1001385	0
1001394	0
1001396	0
1001405	0
1001409	0
1001415	0
1001421	0
1001426	0
1001429	0
1001434	0
1001437	0
1001441	0
1001446	0
1001452	0
1001456	0
1001461	0
1001464	0
1001469	0
1001472	0
1001485	0
1001490	0
1001494	0
1001504	0
1001505	0
1001507	0
1001509	0
1001511	0
1001512	0
1001517	0
1001519	0
1001542	0
1001551	0
1001557	0
1001559	0
1001565	0
1002001	0
1002002	0
1002005	0
1002006	0
1002008	0
1002009	0
1002011	0
1002012	0
1002013	0
1002014	0
1002015	0
1002016	0
1002017	0
1002018	0
1002019	0
1002021	0
1002022	0
1002023	0
1002024	0
1002025	0
1002026	0
1002027	0
1002030	0
1002031	0
1002033	0
1002034	0
1002036	0
1002037	0
1002039	0
1002040	0
1002041	0
1002048	0
1002055	0
1003001	0
1003002	0
1003003	0
1003004	0
1003005	0
1003008	0
1003010	0
1003011	0
1003012	0
1003014	0
1003018	0
1003019	0
1003020	0
1003021	0
1003024	0
1003026	0
1003028	0
1003031	0
1003032	0
1003033	0
1003034	0
1003038	0
1003042	0
1003045	0
1003801	0
1004001	0
1004006	0
1004011	0
1004013	0
1004016	0
1004017	0
1004018	0
1004019	0
1004020	0
1004021	0
1004022	0
1004033	0
1004037	0
1004042	0
1005001	0
1005003	0
1005004	0
1005005	0
1005006	0
1005007	0
1005008	0
1005009	0
1005010	0
1005011	0
1005012	0
1005014	0
1005015	0
1005016	0
1005017	0
1005018	0
1005019	0
1005020	0
1005022	0
1005023	0
1005024	0
1005025	0
1005028	0
1005030	0
1005033	0
1005035	0
1006001	0
1006003	0
1006008	0
1006009	0
1006011	0
1006012	0
1006014	0
1006015	0
1006017	0
1006019	0
1006021	0
1006022	0
1006026	0
1006028	0
1006029	0
1006031	0
1007001	0
1007006	0
1007009	0
1007013	0
1007014	0
1007015	0
1007016	0
1007018	0
1007020	0
1007022	0
1007023	0
1007024	0
1007025	0
1007026	0
1007027	0
1007028	0
1007031	0
1007032	0
1007036	0
1007037	0
1007038	0
1007039	0
1007040	0
1007041	0
1007042	0
1007043	0
1007044	0
1007045	0
1007046	0
1007047	0
1007048	0
1007049	0
1007050	0
1007054	0
1007056	0
1007057	0
1007060	0
1007067	0
1008001	0
1008004	0
1008006	0
1008008	0
1008011	0
1008024	0
1008026	0
1008029	0
1008031	0
1008032	0
1008033	0
1008035	0
1008036	0
1008037	0
1008038	0
1008039	0
1008040	0
1008042	0
1008043	0
1008044	0
1008045	0
1008046	0
1008047	0
1008048	0
1008049	0
1008053	0
1008054	0
1008055	0
1008056	0
1008058	0
1008059	0
1008060	0
1008061	0
1008062	0
1008063	0
1008064	0
1008065	0
1008066	0
1008067	0
1008069	0
1008070	0
1008071	0
1008072	0
1008073	0
1008074	0
1008075	0
1008076	0
1008077	0
1008078	0
1008079	0
1008091	0
1008092	0
1008093	0
1008095	0
1008096	0
1008098	0
1008099	0
1009001	0
1009004	0
1009007	0
1009008	0
1009009	0
1009010	0
1009011	0
1009012	0
1009013	0
1009015	0
1009016	0
1009017	0
1009018	0
1009019	0
1009020	0
1009021	0
1009022	0
1009023	0
1009024	0
1009026	0
1009028	0
1009029	0
1009030	0
1009031	0
1009032	0
1009034	0
1009035	0
1009037	0
1009039	0
1009041	0
1009042	0
1009047	0
1009048	0
1010001	0
1010002	0
1010003	0
1010004	0
1010005	0
1010006	0
1010007	0
1010008	0
1010009	0
1010010	0
1010011	0
1010012	0
1010013	0
1010020	0
1010022	0
1010025	0
1010029	0
1010032	0
1010034	0
1010801	0
1010802	0
1011010	0
1011015	0
1011020	0
1011030	0
1011035	0
1101001	0
1101002	0
1101004	0
1101006	0
1101008	0
1101009	0
1101011	0
1101014	0
1101016	0
1101018	0
1101019	0
1101021	0
1101022	0
1101024	0
1101026	0
1101028	0
1101029	0
1101031	0
1101032	0
1101034	0
1101036	0
1101038	0
1101039	0
1101041	0
1101042	0
1101044	0
1101046	0
1101048	5
1101049	0
1101050	0
1101051	0
1102001	0
1102004	0
1102006	0
1102008	5
1102009	0
1102012	0
1102014	0
1102026	0
1102028	0
1102029	0
1102030	0
1102031	0
1102032	0
1102033	0
1102034	0
1102036	0
1102037	0
1102038	0
1102039	0
1102040	0
1102041	0
1102042	0
1102043	0
1102044	0
1102045	0
1102046	0
1102048	0
1102049	0
1102050	0
1102051	0
1102052	0
1102054	0
1102056	0
1102057	0
1102058	0
1102059	0
1102065	0
1102070	0
1102075	0
1102080	0
1102085	0
1103001	0
1103005	0
1103006	0
1103008	0
1103009	0
1103011	0
1103012	0
1103014	0
1103015	0
1103016	0
1103018	0
1103019	0
1103023	0
1103024	0
1103025	0
1103026	25
1103027	0
1103028	0
1103029	0
1103031	0
1103032	0
1103033	0
1103034	0
1103035	0
1103036	0
1103038	0
1103041	0
1103042	0
1103044	0
1103046	0
1103048	0
1103049	0
1103051	0
1103052	0
1103054	0
1103056	5
1103057	0
1103058	0
1103059	0
1103062	0
1201001	0
1201004	0
1201006	0
1201008	0
1201009	0
1202001	25
1202004	0
1202006	0
1202040	0
1203001	35
1203004	0
1203006	0
1203009	0
1204009	0
1204010	0
1204015	0
1205001	0
1205004	0
1205006	0
1205008	0
1205009	0
1205014	0
1205016	0
1206001	5
1206004	0
1206006	0
1206008	0
1206009	0
1206011	0
1206014	0
1207001	0
1207002	0
1207004	0
1207011	0
1207012	0
1207016	0
1207021	0
1207024	0
1207027	0
1208001	0
1208002	0
1208008	0
1208014	0
1209019	0
1209034	10
1209037	0
1209038	0
1209800	0
1210001	0
1210002	0
1210003	0
1210006	0
1210008	0
1210012	0
1211001	0
1211002	0
1211006	0
1211009	0
1211011	0
1211012	0
1211014	0
1212001	5
1212004	0
1212006	0
1212008	0
1212009	0
1212011	0
1212014	0
1212016	0
1212019	0
1213001	0
1213004	0
1213008	0
1214001	0
1214002	0
1214006	5
1214010	0
1215001	0
1215002	0
1215006	0
1215008	0
1215011	5
1216001	0
1216006	0
1216011	0
1216014	0
1217008	0
1217020	0
1217030	0
1218001	0
1218003	0
1218006	0
1301001	0
1301002	0
1301004	0
1301006	0
1301016	0
1302001	0
1302004	0
1302006	0
1302008	0
1302011	0
1302012	0
1302014	0
1302016	0
1302018	0
1302021	0
1302024	0
1302026	0
1302028	0
1302031	0
1302034	0
1302037	0
1302039	0
1302042	0
1302044	0
1302052	0
1303001	0
1303004	0
1303005	0
1303006	0
1303008	0
1303011	0
1303012	0
1303013	0
1303014	0
1303016	0
1303018	0
1304001	0
1304004	0
1304005	0
1304006	0
1304008	0
1304011	0
1304013	0
1304014	0
1304016	0
1304018	0
1304021	0
1304022	0
1304024	0
1304025	0
1305001	0
1305004	0
1305006	0
1305007	0
1305008	0
1305011	0
1305014	0
1305015	0
1305016	0
1305018	0
1305021	0
1305022	0
1305023	0
1305024	0
1305026	0
1305028	5
1305031	0
1305034	0
1305036	0
1305038	0
1305045	0
1305057	0
1306001	0
1306003	0
1306004	0
1306006	0
1306008	0
1306011	0
1306014	0
1306020	0
1306025	0
1307001	0
1307002	0
1307004	0
1307005	45
1307007	0
1307008	0
1307009	0
1307011	0
1307012	0
1307013	55
1307014	0
1307016	5
1307019	10
1307022	50
1307024	0
1307028	0
1307029	0
1307045	15
1307052	0
1308001	25
1308002	40
1308003	0
1308004	55
1308005	15
1308006	5
1308007	0
1308008	10
1308010	0
1308014	5
1308015	0
1308016	70
1308017	0
1308018	25
1308019	5
1308020	0
1308021	5
1308022	0
1308024	25
1308026	0
1309001	15
1309004	0
1309006	0
1309011	0
1309014	0
1309016	40
1309017	10
1309018	0
1309019	0
1309021	0
1309022	0
1309023	0
1309026	0
1309027	0
1309028	0
1309031	0
1309034	0
1309035	0
1309036	55
1309038	15
1309044	0
1309047	0
1309050	0
1310001	0
1310002	0
1310004	0
1310005	0
1310006	0
1310007	0
1310008	0
1310011	0
1310012	0
1310013	0
1310014	0
1310016	0
1310017	0
1310018	0
1310019	0
1310021	0
1310024	0
1310025	0
1310026	0
1310028	0
1310031	0
1310032	15
1310034	0
1310036	0
1310037	0
1310054	0
1311001	0
1311004	0
1311005	0
1311006	0
1311008	0
1311011	0
1311012	0
1311014	0
1311018	0
1311019	0
1311021	0
1311024	0
1311026	0
1311027	0
1311028	0
1311030	0
1311031	0
1312001	0
1312002	0
1312004	0
1312006	0
1312007	0
1312008	0
1312009	0
1312011	0
1312014	15
1312016	5
1312019	65
1312021	115
1312023	25
1313001	95
1313002	30
1313004	35
1313006	10
1313008	10
1313011	30
1313012	15
1313014	0
1313015	10
1313018	5
1313020	0
1313022	10
1313024	15
1313027	40
1313032	0
1313033	5
1313034	0
1313035	20
1313037	5
1313038	20
1313039	30
1313041	95
1313042	0
1314001	0
1314003	0
1314004	25
1314005	0
1314006	5
1314008	0
1314010	0
1314011	10
1314012	0
1314013	20
1314014	0
1314015	0
1314016	10
1314017	0
1314020	45
1314021	145
1314022	65
1314025	0
1314026	0
1315002	115
1315006	20
1315008	10
1315010	0
1315011	5
1315012	25
1315013	0
1315014	0
1315015	5
1315016	5
1315017	5
1315019	50
1315020	5
1315021	5
1315022	10
1315024	20
1315026	20
1315027	10
1315028	20
1315029	55
1315030	5
1315031	25
1315032	30
1315033	5
1315036	10
1315037	0
1315038	0
1315040	20

Map 2.b shows that Francophone agricultural workers were concentrated in relatively few municipalities in 2016. Five municipalities, all located in New Brunswick, had 90 or more Francophone agricultural workers. These were Saint-Quentin (150 workers) and Tracadie (120 workers) in CAR 4 (N.B.), and Drummond (115 workers), Saint-André (100 workers) and Saint-François (95 workers) in CAR 1 (N.B.). In 2016, the municipality with the highest number of Francophone agricultural workers in CAR 3 (N.B.) was Richibucto (70 workers). No municipalities in CAR 2 (N.B.) had 10 or more Francophone agricultural workers in 2016.

In Nova Scotia, the municipality of Clare, located in CAR 1 (N.S.), had the most French-speaking agricultural workers in 2016 (40 workers). On Prince Edward Island, the Lot 15 census subdivision in CAR 3 (P.E.I.) had the most French-speaking agricultural workers (25 workers).

2.1 Age group

Data table for Chart 2.1.1



Chart 2.1.1
Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.1.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
	percent
French FOLS
2006	29.6	47.8	22.6
2016	25.1	35.3	39.7
English FOLS
2006	36.2	42.5	21.3
2016	30.5	35.5	34.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

New Brunswick’s population of Francophone agricultural workers grew older between 2006 and 2016. The median age of these workers rose from 45.1 years in 2006 to 50.7 years in 2016. The proportion of young Francophone agricultural workers aged 15 to 34 years decreased over the decade (from 29.6% in 2006 to 25.1% in 2016), while there was an increase in the proportion of these workers who were aged 55 years or older (from 22.6% in 2006 to 39.7% in 2016).

The age distribution of farm operators working on French-language farms differed little from those of English-language farms. In contrast, Francophone agricultural workers were relatively older than their Anglophone counterparts. In 2016, the proportion of young Francophone agricultural workers aged 15 to 34 (25.1%) was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts (30.5%). In addition, the 55-years-or-older age group was the one with the highest proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in New Brunswick in 2016; this was not the case for their Anglophone counterparts, for whom the proportion of workers aged 35 to 54 (35.5%) was similar to that of workers aged 55 or older (34.0%). Lastly, the median age of Anglophone agricultural workers (41.7 years in 2006 and 47.0 years in 2016) was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 2.1.2



Chart 2.1.2
Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.1.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
	percent
French FOLS
2006	21.6	53.6	24.9
2016	21.7	21.3	57.0
English FOLS
2006	33.9	40.2	26.0
2016	28.9	32.9	38.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The aging of Francophone agricultural workers was more pronounced in the other Atlantic provinces than in New Brunswick. The median age of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces rose from 46.4 years in 2006 to 55.2 years in 2016, an increase of almost nine years over the decade. In 2016, 57.0% of Francophone agricultural workers in this region were aged 55 years or older, compared with about a quarter in 2006. By contrast, the share of these workers aged 15 to 34 remained relatively stable over the decade (about 22%).

Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces were older than their Anglophone counterparts. The latter’s median age was lower in both 2006 (44.2 years) and 2016 (49.5 years). In 2016, the proportion of Anglophone agricultural workers aged 55 years or older (38.2%) was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts (57.0%) and the proportion of Anglophone agricultural workers aged 15 to 34 (28.9%) exceeded that of their Francophone peers (21.7%).

The high proportion of Francophone agricultural workers aged 55 years or older and the increase in the median age of these workers could be associated with retirements or moves to other industries, which may help explain the significant decrease in the population of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces between 2006 and 2016.

2.2 Sex

The representation of women among Francophone agricultural workers in New Brunswick decreased between 2006 and 2016, with the proportion of these workers represented by women going from 34.1% in 2006 to 30.5% in 2016. Among their Anglophone counterparts, the proportion represented by women increased slightly between 2006 (31.5%) and 2016 (33.2%).

In the other Atlantic provinces, there was an even greater drop in the proportion of women among Francophone agricultural workers, with this proportion decreasing from 35.5% in 2006 to 25.1% in 2016. This proportion was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2016. The representation of women among Anglophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces was relatively similar in 2006 and 2016, with the proportion of women among these workers decreasing from 32.7% to 31.3% over the decade.

2.3 Place of birth

Data table for Chart 2.3.1



Chart 2.3.1
Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.3.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Province of residence, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Province of residence	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
	percent
French FOLS
2006	92.8	6.4	0.8
2016	90.7	7.7	1.7
English FOLS
2006	83.1	10.7	6.2
2016	78.0	12.3	9.7
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In 2016, more than nine in ten Francophone agricultural workers were born in New Brunswick and around one in thirteen Francophone agricultural workers was born in another province. Moreover, less than 2% of these workers were born outside Canada.

The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers born in New Brunswick (90.7%) surpassed that of their Anglophone counterparts (78.0%) in 2016. Thus, Anglophone agricultural workers were more likely to be born in another province (12.3%) or outside Canada (9.7%) than their Francophone counterparts.

In 2016, of the Francophone agricultural workers born in a province other than New Brunswick, more than four out of five were born in Quebec.

Data table for Chart 2.3.2



Chart 2.3.2
Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.3.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Province of residence, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Province of residence	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
	percent
French FOLS
2006	85.8	10.0	4.2
2016	70.3	27.5	2.2
English FOLS
2006	84.1	10.8	5.1
2016	79.8	12.8	7.4
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces who were born in a province other than their province of residence^Note  increased between 2006 (10.0%) and 2016 (27.5%). While the number of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces decreased sharply between 2006 and 2016, the number of these workers who were born in another province, although small, increased over the same period.

Unlike in New Brunswick, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces who were born in their province of residence (70.3%) was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts (79.8%) in 2016. Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces were more than twice as likely to be born in another province as their Anglophone counterparts. On the other hand, the proportion of Anglophone agricultural workers born outside Canada (7.4%) was higher than that of their Francophone counterparts (2.2%).

2.4 Indigenous identity

In New Brunswick, the number of Indigenous^Note  agricultural workers increased from 130 to 240 between 2006 and 2016. Of these workers, less than a quarter had French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) in 2006, while in 2016, this was the case for more than one-third. All Indigenous agricultural workers in New Brunswick knew either English or French in 2016, and a small number also knew an Indigenous language.

In the other Atlantic provinces, there were 285 Indigenous agricultural workers in 2006 and 540 in 2016. About 8% of these workers had French as their FOLS in 2016 while nearly all Indigenous agricultural workers had English as their FOLS in 2006. All Indigenous agricultural workers knew either English or French in 2006 and 2016. In addition, nearly 3% of Indigenous agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces knew an Indigenous language in 2016.

The sharp increase in the number of Indigenous agricultural workers between 2006 and 2016 throughout the Atlantic provinces is possibly due to changes in the reported identity of these workers in the course of the decade.^Note 

2.5 Education

Data table for Chart 2.5.1



Chart 2.5.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.5.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
	percent
French FOLS
2006	40.6	26.7	12.3	11.3	9.2
2016	36.1	31.9	10.4	14.7	6.9
English FOLS
2006	34.5	30.7	10.0	14.2	10.5
2016	24.6	39.6	6.4	17.3	12.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources : Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In New Brunswick, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who had no certificate, diploma or degree decreased between 2006 (40.6%) and 2016 (36.1%), while the proportion with secondary^Note  education as their highest qualification increased from 26.7% to 31.9% over the decade. However, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers with a postsecondary diploma was similar in 2006 and 2016 (at around 32%), and the proportion of those workers who had a university degree declined over the decade, from 9.2% to 6.9%.

The educational attainment of Francophone agricultural workers was generally lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts. In 2016, Anglophone agricultural workers were much less likely to have no certificate, diploma or degree (24.6%) than their Francophone counterparts (36.1%), and a higher proportion of Anglophone agricultural workers had a college or university degree (29.4%) compared to their Francophone counterparts (21.6%).

Data table for Chart 2.5.2



Chart 2.5.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.5.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
	percent
French FOLS
2006	54.9	11.6	11.0	13.3	9.3
2016	34.1	15.5	14.3	15.2	21.0
English FOLS
2006	39.5	27.3	9.4	13.3	10.6
2016	27.4	31.7	9.0	17.7	14.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources : Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces had higher educational attainment in 2016 than in 2006. In 2016, around one-third of these workers had no certificate, diploma or degree, while more than half of them were in this situation in 2006. The proportion of these workers who had a university degree more than doubled over the decade, from 9.3% in 2006 to 21.0% in 2016.

In 2016, Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces were more likely to have a postsecondary qualification (50.5%) than their Anglophone counterparts (41.0%). In contrast, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who had not completed secondary school (34.1%) remained higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts (27.4%) in 2016.

2.6 Class of worker

Data table for Chart 2.6.1



Chart 2.6.1
Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.6.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Employee, Unpaid family worker, Self-employed with a business and Self-employed without a business, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Employee	Unpaid family worker	Self-employed with a business	Self-employed without a business
	percent
French FOLS
2006	80.3	1.3	6.6	11.8
2016	82.5	1.3	7.4	8.7
English FOLS
2006	76.1	1.9	5.7	16.3
2016	76.1	2.3	5.8	15.8
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In New Brunswick, about eight in ten Francophone agricultural workers were employees in both 2006 and 2016. The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who were self-employed decreased slightly between 2006 (18.4%) and 2016 (16.1%). Among these self-employed persons, the proportion who were incorporated increased over the decade (35.9% in 2006 and 46.0% in 2016).

Francophone agricultural workers were more likely to be employees (82.5%) than their Anglophone counterparts (76.1%) in 2016. Meanwhile, the proportion of self-employed persons among Anglophone agricultural workers was higher (more than one in five workers). Around 27% of Anglophone self-employed workers in the agriculture sector were incorporated, a lower proportion than that of their Francophone counterparts (46.0%).

Data table for Chart 2.6.2



Chart 2.6.2
Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official langue spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.6.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official langue spoken (FOLS) Employee, Unpaid family worker, Self-employed with a business and Self-employed without a business, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Employee	Unpaid family worker	Self-employed with a business	Self-employed without a business
	percent
French FOLS
2006	79.3	0.0	7.8	12.9
2016	75.0	2.8	2.1	20.1
English FOLS
2006	72.9	1.9	6.4	18.7
2016	71.5	2.1	9.0	17.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the other Atlantic provinces, three out of four Francophone agricultural workers were employees in 2016. This proportion was slightly higher in 2006 (around 79%). The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who were self-employed remained relatively stable between 2006 (20.7%) and 2016 (22.2%). However, the proportion of these self-employed workers who were incorporated declined over the decade, decreasing from around 38% in 2006 to less than 10% in 2016.

Anglophone agricultural workers were more likely to be self-employed (26.5%) than their Francophone counterparts in 2016. In addition, the proportion of incorporated self-employed workers was higher among Anglophone (around one-third) than Francophone agricultural workers.

2.7 Employment income

Employment income includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year preceding the census. The employment income of agriculture sector workers may include income from sources other than the job held in this sector.

The information in this report includes all individuals categorized as workers, including those who worked during the reference week (e.g., May 1 to 7, 2016) or the census year (e.g., 2016), but who were not working in the year preceding the census (e.g., 2015). However, since these workers were not working in the year preceding the census, they are excluded from the information presented in this section. They are identified by the “not applicable” category in the charts below and are excluded from the calculations of median income, work pattern, and the number of weeks worked per year.

Data table for Chart 2.7.1



Chart 2.7.1
Employment income^{Chart 2.7.1 Note 1} of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.7.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Revenu d'emploi des travailleurs du secteur agricole âgés de 15 ans ou plus Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
	percent
French FOLS
2006	39.4	42.0	13.1	2.0	3.4
2016	29.1	42.8	21.8	4.2	2.1
English FOLS
2006	41.4	29.4	21.5	4.6	3.0
2016	39.1	28.9	21.0	7.7	3.3
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The median employment income^Note  of Francophone agricultural workers in New Brunswick increased between 2006 and 2016 from $12,575 to $15,250. Thus, the proportion of these workers with employment income below $10,000 decreased over the decade (39.4% in 2006 and 29.1% in 2016), while the proportion who had employment income of $30,000 or more increased over the same period (15.1% in 2006 and 26.0% in 2016).

The median employment income of Anglophone agricultural workers was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts in 2016. This was not the case in 2006. The median employment income of Anglophone agricultural workers increased from $13,620 to $14,900 over the decade. In 2016, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers with low employment income (below $10,000) was much lower (29.1%) than that of their Anglophone counterparts (39.1%).

Work pattern differences may account for the higher median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers: in 2016, 85.4% of these workers worked full-time,^Note  compared with 79.2% of their Anglophone counterparts. By contrast, Francophone agricultural workers worked on average fewer weeks per year^Note  (30.6) than their Anglophone counterparts (36.7).

The employment income gap between Francophone men and women working in New Brunswick’s agriculture sector increased between 2006 ($4,150) and 2016 ($7,465). The median employment income of Francophone women in the agricultural sector increased from $10,445 in 2006 to $10,935 in 2016, and that of men, from $14,595 in 2006 to $18,400 in 2016.

Data table for Chart 2.7.2



Chart 2.7.2
Employment income^{Chart 2.7.2 Note 1} of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.7.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
	percent
French FOLS
2006	36.9	35.7	18.4	6.2	2.9
2016	44.7	34.0	16.5	1.8	2.9
English FOLS
2006	45.5	32.5	14.6	4.0	3.3
2016	39.2	32.1	20.0	5.6	3.2
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces decreased between 2006 ($13,325) and 2016 ($11,675). Thus, the proportion of those with employment income below $10,000 increased over the decade, from 36.9% to 44.7%. Moreover, the proportion of these workers with employment income above $30,000 decreased over the same period (24.6% in 2006 and 18.3% in 2016).

In 2006, the median employment income of Anglophone agricultural workers was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts. This was no longer the case in 2016. The median employment income of Anglophone agricultural workers in the other Atlantic provinces was $10,940 in 2006 and $13,725 in 2016. In 2016, Anglophone agricultural workers were less likely to have employment income under $10,000 (39.2%) and more likely to report employment income of $30,000 or more (25.6%) than their Francophone counterparts (44.7% and 18.3%, respectively).

The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who worked full-time (78.2%) was similar to that of their Anglophone counterparts (76.6%) in 2016. However, the average number of weeks worked per year was lower among Francophone agricultural workers (32.7) than among their Anglophone counterparts (36.1).

In 2006, the median employment income of Francophone women working in the other Atlantic provinces’ agriculture sector ($13,325) was below that of men ($16,980). This was no longer the case in 2016; Francophone women in the agriculture sector had median employment income of $12,570, compared with $8,875 for men.

2.8 Languages used at work

Data table for Chart 2.8.1



Chart 2.8.1
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 2.8.1 Note 1} by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.8.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
	percent
French FOLS
2006	58.9	37.0	4.2	0.0
2016	60.7	32.9	6.2	0.2
English FOLS
2006	0.3	3.2	95.6	0.9
2016	0.6	2.7	94.8	1.9
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in New Brunswick who used only French^Note  at work increased slightly between 2006 (58.9%) and 2016 (60.7%), as did the proportion of these workers who used only English^Note  at work (4.2% in 2006 and 6.2% in 2016). The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who used English and French^Note  at work decreased from 37.0% in 2006 to 32.9% in 2016. Furthermore, approximately 3% of their Anglophone counterparts used both official languages at work.

Data table for Chart 2.8.2



Chart 2.8.2
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 2.8.2 Note 1} by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.8.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
	percent
French FOLS
2006	19.4	29.3	51.4	0.0
2016	1.7	43.0	53.6	1.7
English FOLS
2006	0.1	0.5	98.4	1.1
2016	0.2	0.4	97.5	2.0
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the other Atlantic provinces, more than half of Francophone agricultural workers used only English at work in 2006 and 2016. The proportion of these workers who used only French at work decreased from 19.4% in 2006 to less than 2% in 2016. At the same time, the proportion of these workers using both English and French at work increased over the decade, from 29.3% to 43.0%.

3. Social, economic and linguistic profile of French-language workers in the Atlantic provinces’ agri-food industry

This section tracks the evolution of the social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking agri-food workers in the Atlantic provinces between 2006 and 2016.

In this report, agri-food workers include any person 15 years of age or older who worked in input and service supply (e.g., farm machinery and equipment wholesaler-distributors, farm support activities), food, beverage and tobacco processing (e.g., seafood product preparation and packaging, meat product manufacturing, bakeries), food retail or wholesale (e.g., grocery stores, food merchant wholesalers) and food services (e.g., restaurants). Table A.2 in Appendix A provides a detailed list of the industries in the agri-food sector. The data presented in this section are from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.



In 2016, 169,235 people aged 15 and older worked in the agri-food sector in the Atlantic provinces. This is a decrease from 2006, when the sector had 174,160 workers. In 2016, Nova Scotia (64,095 workers) and New Brunswick (53,560 workers) were the provinces with the most agri-food workers.

The number of Francophone agri-food workers decreased in the Atlantic provinces between 2006 (23,540 workers) and 2016 (19,980 workers). This approximately 15% drop was greater than the decline in the overall number of workers in the sector. Consequently, the proportion of Francophones among agri-food workers in the Atlantic provinces decreased from 13.5% in 2006 to 11.8% in 2016.

In 2016, New Brunswick accounted for around 88% of the Francophone agri-food workers in the Atlantic provinces. Between 2006 and 2016, the number of Francophone agri-food workers in the province decreased from 20,440 to 17,530 and the proportion of Francophones among the sector’s workers declined, from 37.1% to 32.7%.

In the other Atlantic provinces, the number of Francophone agri-food workers fell from 3,100 to 2,455 between 2006 and 2016. This decrease in the number of Francophone agri-food workers was observed in Prince Edward Island (from 480 workers in 2006 to 365 in 2016) and Nova Scotia (2,560 workers in 2006 and 1,980 in 2016). In contrast, in Newfoundland and Labrador, the number of Francophone agri-food workers increased from 60 to 110 between 2006 and 2016. However, the proportion of Francophones among the province’s agri-food workers remained under 0.5%. In Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers was around 4% in 2006 and around 3% in 2016.

As with agricultural workers, data on agri-food workers in Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia are presented together in this section as workers in these provinces shared several trends and this grouping made comparisons with New Brunswick easier. However, as the number of Francophone agri-food workers in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia was relatively high, information on these workers is presented in Appendix D.

For each province, there are some particularities with the change in the number of agri-food workers between 2006 and 2016 and in the concentration of Francophone workers who live in certain census agricultural regions (CARs). Thus, for each Atlantic province, Appendix E presents the number of Anglophone and Francophone agri-food workers based on their CAR of residence.

In New Brunswick in 2016, more than 3,000 Francophone agri-food workers resided in CAR 1 (N.B.), in the northwest of the province, and in CAR 3 (N.B.), in the southeast, and there were more than 8,000 of them in CAR 4 (N.B.), in the northeast. This CAR, which includes the Acadian Peninsula, also had the highest proportion of Francophone agri-food workers (68.6%) in 2016. In CAR 1 (N.B.) and CAR 3 (N.B.), Francophones also represented a significant proportion of this sector’s workers (25.6% and 37.4%, respectively). Data on each of these CARs’ large populations of Francophone agri-foodworkers are presented in Appendix F.

Description for Map 3.a



This map shows the percentage change from 2006 to 2016 of the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector, in each census agricultural region of the Atlantic provinces.

On this map, five different colours are used to identify values. Grey represent census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector was too small to calculate its percentage change from 2006 to 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

Red represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector decreased by more than 20% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are four census agricultural regions.

Orange represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector decreased by 20% or less between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are eight census agricultural regions.

Light green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector increased by less than 20% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

Dark green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector increased by 20% or more between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a grey line. Each census agricultural region is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census agricultural region	Percentage change
1001	299.1
1003	-17.9
1101	-63.6
1102	17.1
1103	-31.6
1201	-25.8
1202	-2.1
1203	-0.1
1204	-5.2
1205	-38.5
1301	-14.7
1302	-18.5
1303	-19.5
1304	-9.6

The number of Francophone agri-food workers decreased in several CARs between 2006 and 2016. Map 3.a shows that their numbers fell in 12 of the Atlantic provinces’ 15 CARs over the decade. In four CARs located in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, this decline was greater than 20%.

There were only two CARs in the Atlantic provinces with an increase in the number of Francophone agri-food workers: CAR 2 in Prince Edward Island and CAR 1 in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is worth noting that the largest urban areas in these provinces (Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island and St. John’s in Newfoundland and Labrador) were located in these CARs.

Description for Map 3.b



This map shows the number of French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016 in each of the Atlantic provinces’ census subdivisions.

On this map, we use six different colours to identify values. Dark grey represents census subdivisions for which data is unavailable. In this group, there are six census subdivisions.

Yellow represents census subdivisions where there were between zero and nine French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 690 census subdivisions.

Light green represents census subdivisions where there were between 10 and 49 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 60 census subdivisions.

Dark green represents census subdivisions where there were between 50 and 199 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 61 census subdivisions.

Light blue represents census subdivisions where there were between 200 and 499 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 18 census subdivisions.

Dark blue represents census subdivisions where there were 500 or more French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are six census subdivisions.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a red line. Each census subdivision is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census subdivision	Number of workers
1001101	0
1001105	0
1001113	0
1001120	0
1001124	0
1001126	0
1001131	0
1001136	0
1001140	0
1001144	0
1001149	0
1001155	0
1001169	0
1001174	0
1001178	0
1001181	0
1001186	0
1001192	0
1001197	0
1001203	0
1001207	0
1001214	0
1001219	0
1001225	0
1001228	0
1001234	0
1001240	0
1001254	0
1001259	0
1001263	0
1001267	0
1001270	0
1001274	0
1001277	0
1001281	0
1001285	0
1001289	0
1001293	0
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1101051	0
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1102070	0
1102075	65
1102080	15
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1103001	0
1103005	0
1103006	0
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1103011	5
1103012	0
1103014	10
1103015	0
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1103018	0
1103019	5
1103023	0
1103024	0
1103025	60
1103026	35
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1103031	5
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1201001	20
1201004	0
1201006	0
1201008	0
1201009	0
1202001	410
1202004	50
1202006	25
1202040	0
1203001	420
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1207021	10
1207024	0
1207027	0
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1208014	0
1209019	0
1209034	365
1209037	0
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1211014	5
1212001	0
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1212016	0
1212019	0
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1213008	0
1214001	10
1214002	0
1214006	15
1214010	0
1215001	0
1215002	15
1215006	0
1215008	0
1215011	180
1216001	120
1216006	10
1216011	0
1216014	0
1217008	0
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1217030	20
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1218003	0
1218006	0
1301001	0
1301002	0
1301004	5
1301006	80
1301016	0
1302001	0
1302004	0
1302006	0
1302008	0
1302011	10
1302012	10
1302014	0
1302016	0
1302018	0
1302021	0
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1302052	0
1303001	0
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1303005	0
1303006	0
1303008	15
1303011	10
1303012	20
1303013	0
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1303016	0
1303018	0
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1306020	90
1306025	0
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1307005	560
1307007	305
1307008	0
1307009	5
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1307013	160
1307014	0
1307016	165
1307019	125
1307022	1410
1307024	0
1307028	0
1307029	0
1307045	795
1307052	370
1308001	210
1308002	120
1308003	0
1308004	250
1308005	275
1308006	155
1308007	145
1308008	25
1308010	5
1308014	25
1308015	0
1308016	185
1308017	10
1308018	60
1308019	185
1308020	0
1308021	130
1308022	55
1308024	35
1308026	100
1309001	265
1309004	15
1309006	0
1309011	0
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1309016	65
1309017	75
1309018	0
1309019	0
1309021	0
1309022	0
1309023	0
1309026	0
1309027	0
1309028	0
1309031	30
1309034	0
1309035	0
1309036	395
1309038	160
1309044	0
1309047	0
1309050	65
1310001	10
1310002	0
1310004	0
1310005	0
1310006	0
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1311001	0
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1312001	0
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1312004	5
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1312007	0
1312008	0
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1312011	0
1312014	35
1312016	25
1312019	420
1312021	160
1312023	40
1313001	85
1313002	65
1313004	65
1313006	135
1313008	15
1313011	60
1313012	60
1313014	55
1313015	30
1313018	20
1313020	5
1313022	110
1313024	50
1313027	850
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1313033	15
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1313038	15
1313039	90
1313041	105
1313042	85
1314001	0
1314003	0
1314004	35
1314005	10
1314006	25
1314008	35
1314010	0
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1314012	5
1314013	140
1314014	170
1314015	5
1314016	0
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1314020	140
1314021	55
1314022	140
1314025	0
1314026	0
1315002	1540
1315006	90
1315008	135
1315010	0
1315011	255
1315012	305
1315013	30
1315014	125
1315015	175
1315016	95
1315017	80
1315019	285
1315020	40
1315021	180
1315022	125
1315024	215
1315026	195
1315027	220
1315028	445
1315029	640
1315030	85
1315031	225
1315032	105
1315033	160
1315036	110
1315037	50
1315038	75
1315040	55

Map 3.b shows a high concentration of Francophone agri-food workers in several municipalities in the Atlantic provinces in 2016. In six municipalities, all located in New Brunswick, there were 500 or more Francophone agri-food workers. These were Tracadie (1,545 workers) and Shippagan (640 workers) in CAR 4 (N.B.); Moncton (1,410 workers), Dieppe (795 workers) and Beaubassin-Est (560 workers) in CAR 3 (N.B.); and Edmundston (850 workers) in CAR 1 (N.B.). The municipality in CAR 2 (N.B.) with the most Francophone agri-food workers in 2016 was Saint John (85 workers).

There were also concentrations of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces. The municipality with the highest number of these workers in 2016, for each of the provinces, was Clare in Nova Scotia (425 workers), Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island (70 workers), and St. John’s in Newfoundland and Labrador (55 workers).

3.1 Age group

Data table for Chart 3.1.1



Chart 3.1.1
Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.1.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
	percent
French FOLS
2006	43.2	43.3	13.5
2016	39.1	35.0	26.0
English FOLS
2006	53.7	36.4	10.0
2016	49.3	33.7	17.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The median age of Francophone workers in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector increased between 2006 and 2016, from 39.7 years to 42.8 years. This aging is reflected in the proportion of these workers who were aged 55 years or older, which nearly doubled between 2006 (13.5%) and 2016 (26.0%). At the same time, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers aged 15 to 34 declined over the decade, from 43.2% to 39.1%.

Anglophone agri-food workers were relatively younger than their Francophone counterparts. Although their median age rose between 2006 (33.1 years) and 2016 (35.5 years), it remained lower than that of their Francophone peers. The proportion of Anglophone agri-food workers who were aged 55 years or older (17.1%) was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts (26.0%) in 2016. In addition, nearly half of Anglophone agri-food workers were aged 15 to 34, compared with fewer than four in ten of their Francophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 3.1.2



Chart 3.1.2
Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.1.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
	percent
French FOLS
2006	30.8	45.6	23.6
2016	30.2	35.6	34.2
English FOLS
2006	49.6	39.5	11.0
2016	48.6	32.3	19.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the median age of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces increased from 44.5 years to 49.5 years. This aging can be seen in the proportion of these workers who were aged 55 years or older: just under a quarter in 2006 and over a third in 2016. In contrast, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who were aged 15 to 34 (about 30%) was relatively stable over the decade.

Francophone agri-food workers were relatively older than their Anglophone counterparts. The median age of the latter increased from 35.2 years in 2006 to 36.0 years in 2016. Thus, in 2016, the median age of Francophone agri-food workers was 13.5 years higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts. Almost half of Anglophone agri-food workers were aged 15 to 34 in 2016, and less than a fifth were aged 55 or older.

Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces were relatively younger than their peers in the agriculture sector, whose median age was 55.2 years in 2016. Nevertheless, Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces remained relatively older than their counterparts in New Brunswick.

Throughout the Atlantic provinces, the aging of Francophone agri-food workers was more pronounced than that of their Anglophone counterparts. This situation may help account for the declining numbers of Francophone workers in the sector between 2006 and 2016 as workers retired or moved on to other industries.

3.2 Sex

The proportion of women among Francophone workers in the agri-food sector of New Brunswick decreased between 2006 (61.7%) and 2016 (56.8%). In 2016, this proportion was similar to that of their Anglophone counterparts. Among the latter, the representation of women was relatively stable in 2006 (57.3%) and in 2016 (56.6%). For both years, women’s representation was close to parity among the sector’s Anglophone and Francophone workers.

In the other Atlantic provinces, the proportion of women among Francophone agri-food workers decreased from 59.0% in 2006 to 52.4% in 2016. Among their Anglophone counterparts, this proportion was 57.4% in 2006 and 55.3% in 2016. Thus, in 2016, the representation of women was lower among the sector’s Francophone workers than among its Anglophone workers. However, this representation remained close to parity among Anglophone and Francophone agri-food workers in both 2006 and 2016.

3.3 Place of birth

Data table for Chart 3.3.1



Chart 3.3.1
Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.3.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Province of residence, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Province of residence	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
	percent
French FOLS
2006	91.1	7.3	1.6
2016	89.1	7.9	3.1
English FOLS
2006	76.6	18.1	5.3
2016	72.2	18.5	9.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The places of birth of Francophone agri-food workers in New Brunswick were relatively similar in 2006 and 2016. Around nine in ten of these workers were born in the province while about one in thirteen was born in another province. Anglophone agri-food workers were more likely to be born in another province (18.5%) or outside Canada (9.3%) than their Francophone counterparts (7.9% and 3.1%, respectively) in 2016.

In 2016, among Francophone agri-food workers who were born in a province other than New Brunswick, the main provinces of birth were Quebec (66.0%) and Ontario (19.2%). Among Francophone agri-food workers who were born outside Canada, 36.6% were born in Africa, 33.5% elsewhere in the Americas^Note  and 20.7% in Europe. The main country of birth of these workers was the United States (25.0%).

Data table for Chart 3.3.2



Chart 3.3.2
Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.3.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Province of residence, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Province of residence	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
	percent
French FOLS
2006	77.9	19.2	2.9
2016	68.2	26.2	5.5
English FOLS
2006	83.3	13.5	3.2
2016	78.3	14.8	6.9
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the other Atlantic provinces, there was an increase in the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who were born in another province than their province of residence, from 19.2% in 2006 to 26.2% in 2016. This proportion was higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts, of whom about 15% were born in another province in 2016. A relatively similar proportion of the sector’s Francophone (5.5%) and Anglophone (6.9%) workers were born outside Canada in 2016.

In 2016, among Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces who were born in another province than their province of residence, the main provinces of birth were Quebec (37.4%), New Brunswick (34.2%), and Ontario (18.9%). Among their peers who were born outside Canada, just under half were born in Europe.

3.4 Indigenous identity

The number of Indigenous agri-food workers in New Brunswick increased from 1,100 to 2,060 between 2006 and 2016. Among these workers, the proportion that had French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) was 31.7% in 2006 and 34.1% in 2016. For both years, all Indigenous agri-food workers had knowledge of either English or French. Furthermore, 8.0% of Indigenous agri-food workers in New Brunswick knew an Indigenous language in 2016, particularly Mi’kmaq.

In the other Atlantic provinces, there were 3,855 Indigenous agri-food workers in 2006 and 7,470 in 2016. Of these, the proportion that had French as their FOLS was 5.3% in 2006 and 5.8% in 2016, and a very small number of Indigenous agri-food workers knew neither English nor French. In 2016, nearly 5% of Indigenous agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces knew an Indigenous language, mainly Mi’kmaq and Innu.

Like their peers in the agriculture sector, the growing number of Indigenous workers in the Atlantic provinces’ agri-food sector is possibly due to changes in their reported identities between 2006 and 2016.

3.5 Education

Data table for Chart 3.5.1



Chart 3.5.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.5.1 Note 1} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
	percent
French FOLS
2006	43.9	33.6	8.4	9.0	5.1
2016	37.4	36.5	6.5	13.6	6.1
English FOLS
2006	32.9	40.7	7.0	12.2	7.2
2016	22.6	48.4	4.8	15.2	9.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the educational attainment of Francophone agri-food workers in New Brunswick generally improved. Over the decade, the proportion of these workers who had no certificate, diploma or degree decreased (from 43.9% to 37.4%) and the proportion of the sector’s Francophone workers who had a college or university degree increased from 14.1% in 2006 to 19.7% in 2016.

Francophone agri-food workers in New Brunswick had relatively lower educational attainment than their Anglophone counterparts in 2016. The proportion of Anglophone agri-food workers who did not have a secondary school diploma (22.6%) was lower than that of their Francophone counterparts (37.4%). In addition, about one in four Anglophone agri-food workers had a college or university degree in 2016, compared with less than one in five Francophone agri-food workers.

Data table for Chart 3.5.2



Chart 3.5.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.5.2 Note 1} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
	percent
French FOLS
2006	41.0	28.8	10.4	11.7	8.1
2016	27.8	27.2	9.0	24.3	11.7
English FOLS
2006	33.6	37.0	8.9	13.1	7.5
2016	25.0	41.6	6.6	16.5	10.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the other Atlantic provinces, there was also a general increase in the educational attainment of Francophone agri-food workers between 2006 and 2016. The proportion of these workers who had no certificate, diploma or degree decreased from 41.0% to 27.8% over the decade. The proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who had a college diploma as their highest qualification more than doubled between 2006 (11.7%) and 2016 (24.3%).

Unlike New Brunswick, the educational attainment of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces was relatively higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2016. Forty-five percent of Francophone agri-food workers had a postsecondary qualification, compared with about one-third of their Anglophone counterparts. In contrast, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who had not completed secondary school (27.8%) remained slightly higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts (25.0%).

3.6 Class of worker

Throughout the Atlantic provinces, more than nine in ten workers in the agri-food sector were employees. This was the case for both Anglophone and Francophone agri-food workers, in 2006 and 2016.

In New Brunswick, the proportion of self-employed workers among Anglophone and Francophone agri-food workers was around 4% in 2006 and 2016. In the other Atlantic provinces, there was a difference in the proportion of self-employed workers among Anglophone and Francophone workers in the agri-food sector. Among Francophones, this proportion increased from 4.7% to 6.9% between 2006 and 2016, while it remained below 4% among Anglophones.

3.7 Employment income

Employment income includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year preceding the census. The employment income of agri-food workers may include income from sources other than the job held in this sector.

The information in this report includes all individuals categorized as workers, including those who worked during the reference week (e.g., from May 1 to 7, 2016) or the census year (e.g., 2016), but who were not working in the year preceding the census (e.g., 2015). However, since these workers were not working in the year preceding the census, they are excluded from the information presented in this section. They are identified by the “not applicable” category in the charts below and are excluded from the calculations of median income, work pattern, and the average number of weeks worked per year.

Data table for Chart 3.7.1



Chart 3.7.1
Employment income^{Chart 3.7.1 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.7.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
	percent
French FOLS
2006	41.9	37.0	14.3	2.2	4.6
2016	30.3	46.9	14.3	4.2	4.4
English FOLS
2006	38.9	36.2	15.5	4.6	4.9
2016	31.0	40.0	18.2	5.8	5.0
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the median employment income of Francophone workers in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector rose from $11,510 to $14,705. Over the decade, the proportion of these workers with employment income below $10,000 decreased from 41.9% in 2006 to 30.3% in 2016. The median employment income of Anglophone agri-food workers was higher than that of their Francophone counterparts. It increased from $13,230 in 2006 to $17,080 in 2016.

In 2016, the proportion of agri-food workers with employment income below $10,000 was similar among Francophones (30.3%) and Anglophones (31.0%). However, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers with employment income of $30,000 or more (18.5%) was below that of their Anglophone counterparts (24.0%).

The lower median employment income of Francophone agri-food workers is partly due to their average number of weeks worked per year, which was 33.2 for Francophones in 2016 and 39.5 for Anglophones. On average, Anglophone agri-food worked nearly six more weeks per year than their Francophone counterparts. In contrast, Francophone agri-food workers were more likely to work full-time (67.7%) than their Anglophone counterparts (63.3%).

From 2006 to 2016, there was a narrowing of the gap in median employment between men and women in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector, from $5,230 to $3,455. The median employment income of women working in the sector increased from $10,150 in 2006 to $13,510 in 2016, while that of men increased from $15,380 to $16,965.

Data table for Chart 3.7.2



Chart 3.7.2
Employment income^{Chart 3.7.2 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.7.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
	percent
French FOLS
2006	31.4	44.2	16.7	5.0	2.7
2016	25.4	42.6	19.2	9.6	3.3
English FOLS
2006	40.2	37.5	14.4	3.9	4.0
2016	32.8	40.2	16.8	6.0	4.2
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The median employment income of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces increased between 2006 ($14,370) and 2016 ($19,085). Thus, the proportion of these workers with employment income below $10,000 fell over the decade, from 31.4% to 25.4%, and the proportion with employment income above or equal to $30,000 increased, from 21.7% in 2006 to 28.8% in 2016.

The median employment income of Anglophone agri-food workers remained lower than that of their Francophone counterparts, despite its rise from 2006 ($12,305) to 2016 ($15,475). In 2016, Anglophone agri-food workers were more likely to have employment income below $10,000 (32.8%) and less likely to have employment income of $30,000 or more (22.8%) than their Francophone peers (25.4% and 28.8%, respectively).

The higher employment income of Francophone agri-food workers is partly due to a higher proportion of full-time workers (68.0%) compared with their Anglophone counterparts (63.0%). In addition, Francophone agri-food worked an average of 37.6 weeks per year, compared with 37.0 for their Anglophone counterparts. Furthermore, the specific industry in which Francophone agri-food workers were active may also help explain their higher employment income. The next section addresses this topic.

In the Atlantic provinces, the gap in median employment income between Francophone men and women in the agri-food sector was relatively similar in 2006 ($9,310) and in 2016 ($9,710). The median employment income of Francophone women working in the sector increased from $12,415 in 2006 to $15,355 in 2016, while that of men increased from $21,730 to $25,065 over the same period.

3.8 Industry

Data table for Chart 3.8.1



Chart 3.8.1
Industry^{Chart 3.8.1 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.8.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Industry of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Input and service supply, Food, beverage and tobacco processing, Food retail and wholesale and Food service, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Input and service supply	Food, beverage and tobacco processing	Food retail and wholesale	Food service
	percent
French FOLS
2006	1.2	35.6	27.7	35.5
2016	1.7	36.9	25.2	36.2
English FOLS
2006	1.5	21.0	30.6	46.9
2016	1.8	19.4	30.2	48.6
Note 1 Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Francophone workers in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector worked in similar industries in 2006 and 2016. About one in four Francophone agri-food workers worked in food retail or wholesale and more than 35% worked in food services or food, beverage and tobacco processing. The proportion of Francophone workers in this latter industry was higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts (19.4%) in 2016. In contrast, the proportion of the sector’s Anglophone workers who were in food services (around half) exceeded that of their Francophone peers.

The industry distribution of Francophone agri-food workers differed by age and sex. In 2016, the proportion of Francophone women in the sector who worked in food services (45.6%) exceeded that of men (23.9%). Furthermore, more than half of Francophone agri-food workers aged 15 to 34 worked in food services in 2016 (51.4%), compared with less than 23% of their peers aged 55 years or older.

Data table for Chart 3.8.2



Chart 3.8.2
Industry^{Chart 3.8.2 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.8.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Industry of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Input and service supply, Food, beverage and tobacco processing, Food retail and wholesale and Food service, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Input and service supply	Food, beverage and tobacco processing	Food retail and wholesale	Food service
	percent
French FOLS
2006	1.6	45.4	21.1	31.9
2016	1.2	37.6	26.0	35.2
English FOLS
2006	1.4	27.2	30.6	40.9
2016	1.2	21.6	30.5	46.7
Note 1 Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces who worked in food services increased from 31.9% to 35.2%. The proportion in food retail or wholesale also increased, from 21.1% to 26.0%. In contrast, there was a decrease in the proportion of the sector’s Francophone workers who worked in food, beverage and tobacco processing between 2006 (45.4%) and 2016 (37.6%). However, this industry still had the highest proportion of Francophone agri-food workers in 2016 in the other Atlantic provinces. This was not the case for their Anglophone counterparts, who were less likely to be working in food, beverage and tobacco processing (21.6%) and more likely to be working in food services (46.7%) in 2016.

The industry distribution of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces differed by age and sex in 2016. Francophone women in the agri-food sector were less likely to work in the food, beverage and tobacco processing industry (25.9%) than Francophone men (50.6%). Nearly 38% of Francophone agri-food workers aged 15 to 34 were in this industry, compared with more than half of their counterparts aged 55 years or older.

In New Brunswick and the other Atlantic provinces, Francophone agri-food workers were more likely to work in food, beverage and tobacco processing and less likely to work in food services than their Anglophone peers. In 2016, regardless of language, the median employment income in food, beverage and tobacco processing ($20,020 in New Brunswick and $19,110 in the other Atlantic provinces) exceeded that of food services ($12,535 in New Brunswick and $12,465 in the other Atlantic provinces).

3.9 Languages used at work

Data table for Chart 3.9.1



Chart 3.9.1
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 3.9.1 Note 1} by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.9.1 Note 2} New Brunswick, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
	percent
French FOLS
2006	40.6	54.2	5.2	0.0
2016	41.3	52.9	5.6	0.3
English FOLS
2006	0.4	9.8	88.7	1.1
2016	0.5	10.0	87.3	2.3
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The languages used at work by Francophone workers in New Brunswick’s agri-food sector were relatively similar in 2006 and 2016. About four in ten Francophone agri-food workers used only French at work and more than half of Francophone workers used both English and French. Less than 6% of the sector’s Francophone workers used only English at work in 2016. Among their Anglophone counterparts, one in ten used both English and French at work.

In 2016, similar proportions of Francophone agri-food workers used only French at work in the input and service supply (30.0%), food services (30.5%), and food retail or wholesale (34.3%) industries. However, this proportion was higher in food, beverage and tobacco processing (57.2%). The proportion of the sector’s Francophone workers who used only English at work was highest in the food services industry (7.2%). It was 5.4% in food retail or wholesale and 4.2% in food, beverage and tobacco processing. Lastly, the proportion of Francophone workers who used both English and French at work was 63.8% in input and service supply, 60.3% in food retail or wholesale, 62.0% in food services, and 38.3% in food, beverage and tobacco processing.

Data table for Chart 3.9.2



Chart 3.9.2
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 3.9.2 Note 1} by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.9.2 Note 2} Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
	percent
French FOLS
2006	8.7	57.3	33.4	0.7
2016	6.5	53.0	40.1	0.4
English FOLS
2006	0.0	1.3	97.9	0.8
2016	0.1	1.4	97.2	1.4
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The languages used at work by Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces differed from those used by their Francophone counterparts in New Brunswick. Between 2006 and 2016, the proportion of the sector’s Francophone workers who used only English at work increased from 33.4% to 40.1%, while the proportion who used both English and French at work decreased from 57.3% to 53.0%. In 2016, less than 7% of the sector’s Francophone workers used only French at work, while this was the case for over 40% of their New Brunswick Francophone counterparts.

In 2016, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers in the other Atlantic provinces who used both English and French at work was highest in food, beverage and tobacco processing (60.5%) and lowest in food retail or wholesale (49.4%) and food services (48.1%). In contrast, the proportion of the sector’s Francophone workers who used only English at work was higher in food services (47.0%) and food retail or wholesale (44.7%) than in food, beverage and tobacco processing (30.3%). The latter group had the highest proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who used only French at work (9.2%).

Conclusion

Certain trends emerge from this portrait of farms with a French speaker as their main operator and of Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers in the Atlantic provinces.

New Brunswick’s French-language farms differed from English-language farms in several respects in 2016. French-language farms were more likely to produce fruit (such as blueberries) and tree nuts than English-language farms. Moreover, French-language farms were less likely to report low farm receipts, and more likely to cover a small farm area than English-language farms. In the other Atlantic provinces, French-language farms were in a different situation. They differed little from English-language farms in their type of operation. However, they were more likely than English-language farms to cover a small area, have little farm capital and generate low farm receipts. A more in-depth study may reveal some possible explanations for these differences.

Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers aged more rapidly between 2006 and 2016 than their Anglophone counterparts. In both sectors, there was a growing proportion of Francophone workers aged 55 years or older, and the median age of Francophone workers was greater than that of their Anglophone peers. Aging, and the retirements or moves to other industry sectors that are associated with it, may partly account for the declining number of Francophone workers in the agri-food and agricultural sectors, which raises the issue of succession in these industries. However, it is worth noting that the number of Francophone agricultural workers in New Brunswick increased over the decade.

Lastly, the languages used at work by Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers in New Brunswick were relatively similar in 2006 and 2016. A significant share of these workers used only French at work (around 60% in the agricultural sector and about 40% in the agri-food sector). In the other Atlantic provinces, few Francophone agricultural or agri-food workers used only French at work, and the proportion that used both English and French decreased between 2006 and 2016. A more in-depth study would help shed light on the factors underpinning the retention of French as a language of work in New Brunswick’s agricultural and agri-food sectors, as well as the decline of the use of French at work in the other Atlantic provinces.

Differences observed between language groups could be related to multiple factors not studied in this descriptive report. Further research would be necessary to assess their contribution.

Glossary

Census farm: A farm, ranch or other agricultural operation that produces at least one of the following products intended for sale: crops, livestock, poultry, animal products, greenhouse or nursery products, Christmas trees, mushrooms, sod, honey or bees, and maple syrup products. Sales in the previous 12 months are not required, but there must be the intention to sell.

Census of Agriculture: Statistics Canada conducts the Census of Agriculture every five years to develop a statistical portrait of Canada’s farms and farm operators. The data provide users with a comprehensive picture of the main characteristics of the agriculture industry as well as information on crop and livestock production, finances, and use of technology.

This report uses data from the 2016 Census of Agriculture to provide information on farm operations, such as operating arrangements, age group and generational profile of operators, land tenure, total farm area, total gross farm receipts, and total farm capital. This information is presented according to the first official language spoken by the main operator listed on the 2016 Census of Agriculture for each agricultural operation. The operator’s first official language spoken is derived from their responses to the 2016 Census of Population short questionnaires.

Census of Population: Statistics Canada conducts the Census of Population every five years to provide a statistical portrait of the country and its people on a given day. The census is designed to provide information about people and housing units in Canada by their demographic, social and economic characteristics. A sample of Canadian households (25% in 2016 and 20% 2006) receive a long-form questionnaire. All other households receive a short-form questionnaire.

This report uses data from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population to present the changes in the characteristics of French-speaking and English-speaking workers in the agriculture and agri-food sectors based on their first official language spoken. These characteristics include age, sex, place of birth, Indigenous identity, education, class of worker, employment income, languages used at work, and industry domain. In addition, this report uses data from the 2016 Census of Population short questionnaire to derive the first official language spoken by the first operator listed on the 2016 Census of Agriculture form for each farm.

Class of worker: Refers to whether a person is an employee or is self-employed.

Employment income: All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year preceding the census.

Farm area: Refers to land owned or operated by an agricultural operation. This includes cropland, summer fallow, improved and unimproved pasture, woodlands and wetlands, and all other land (including idle land and land on which farm buildings are located).

Farm capital: Refers to the value of all farmland, buildings, farm machinery and equipment, and livestock and poultry, as reported on Census Day. Farm capital does not include the value of crops in the field or in storage, or farm inputs on hand, such as fertilizer and seed.

Farm operator: The persons responsible for the management decisions of a farm. These can be owners, tenants or hired managers.

First official language spoken: Refers to a variable defined within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person. The derivation method first takes into account the knowledge of the two official languages, then the mother tongue, and finally the language spoken most often at home.

People are assigned to the “French” category when it is the only official language they speak well enough to conduct a conversation; when they can conduct a conversation in French or in English, or in neither language, and have French as their mother tongue (alone or in combination with a non-official language); or when they can conduct a conversation in French or in English, or in neither language, have both French and English as their mother tongue, or neither language, and speak French most often at home (alone or in combination with a non-official language).

People are assigned to the “English” category when it is the only official language they speak well enough to conduct a conversation; when they can conduct a conversation in French or in English, or in neither language, and have English as their mother tongue (alone or in combination with a non-official language); or when they can conduct a conversation in English or in French, or neither language, have both French and English as their mother tongue, or neither language, and speak English most often at home (alone or in combination with a non-official language).

People are assigned to “English and French” when they speak both English and French well enough to conduct a conversation and when their mother tongue and language used most often at home are both English and French or neither English nor French.

People are assigned to “Neither English nor French” when they speak neither English nor French well enough to conduct a conversation and when their mother tongue and language used most often at home is a language other than English or French.

Gross farm receipt: Refers to the receipts from all agricultural products sold, program payments and custom work receipts of the agricultural operation in the year prior to the census or the last complete accounting (fiscal) year. It does not include sales of forestry products (firewood, pulpwood, logs, fence posts, etc.), of capital items (quota, land, machinery, etc.), or receipts from the sale of any goods purchased only for retail sales. It is gross receipts before deducting expenses.

Appendix A

 

Appendix B

   

Appendix C

  

Appendix D

 

Appendix E

   

Appendix F