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Notes
| 1. | This approach is also referred to as the ‘Lille school’ since research in this area is primarily associated with work done by researchers at Lille University in France. |
| 2. | To maintain a clear distinction between formal and informal intellectual property regimes we defined formal intellectual property regimes as comprising those mechanisms requiring some form of registration that would create legal rights and sanctions for their infringement. Copyright was excluded from analysis since it is not subject to a formal registration process, therefore, does not generate economic statistics. Copyright also does not provide formal disclosure of information pertaining to what innovations are being developed. As Miles et al. (2000) point out, copyright “centres on protecting creativity for subsequent appropriation rather than diffusing knowledge” and is only activated when a firm sees an infraction. Confidentiality agreements also were excluded from the study since, as above, they do not require registration and does not diffuse knowledge. Second, confidentiality agreements tend to be used in many sectors, as part of a service firm’s routine business practices and are not necessarily related to innovation processes undertaken by the firm (Blind et al., 2003:40). |
| 3. | Two estimates are significantly different at the 95% confidence level if (p< 0.05). When the estimate is shaded, this indicates that it is statistically significantly higher than the estimate to which it is being compared. No shading indicates that there is no significant difference between the two estimates. |
| 4. | Details of the methodology of the survey can be found on Statistics Canada’s website: http://www.statcan.ca/cgibin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=4218&lang=en&db=IMDB&dbg=f&adm=8&dis=2 The statistical unit of the survey is the establishment. The establishment is the level at which the accounting data required to measure production is available (principal inputs, revenues, salaries and wages).The establishment, as a statistical unit, is defined as the most homogeneous unit of production for which the business maintains accounting records from which it is possible to assemble all the data elements required to compile the full structure of the gross value of production (total sales or shipments, and inventories), the cost of materials and services, and labour and capital used in production. In the text that follows the term “firm” will be used instead of the statistics term ‘establishment”. |