Appendix A.1
Descriptive statistics for variables in the study

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  Percentage Mean Standard deviation Minimum number Maximum number
Dependent variables
Property delinquency 12.61 ... ... 0 1
Violent delinquency 13.36 ... ... 0 1
Demographic variables
Male 51.49 ... ... 0 1
Age (in years) ... 13.29 0.96 12 16
Generational status
Native-born 21.76 ... ... 0 1
Second generation 47.12 ... ... 0 1
Immigrated when younger (before age 5) 9.40 ... ... 0 1
Immigrated when older (after age 5) 21.72 ... ... 0 1
Family composition
Intact family 73.84 ... ... 0 1
Single-parent family 18.33 ... ... 0 1
Step/blended family 5.07 ... ... 0 1
Other 2.77 ... ... 0 1
School-related variables
University aspirations 69.17 ... ... 0 1
Skipping school ... 0.32 0.60 0 2
Negative attitudes towards school ... 2.55 2.01 0 9
Perception of school safety ... 4.72 2.92 0 12
Victimization variables
Discriminated against 33.61 ... ... 0 1
Bullied 20.58 ... ... 0 1
Hit 2.82 ... ... 0 1
Stolen from 27.38 ... ... 0 1
Threatened 4.55 ... ... 0 1
Peer and family variables
Positive mother-youth relationship 94.23 ... ... 0 1
Positive father-youth relationship 84.65 ... ... 0 1
Goes out at night 77.00 ... ... 0 1
Time with family
Spends majority of time with family 36.72 ... ... 0 1
Spends majority of time alone 20.22 ... ... 0 1
Spends majority of time with friends 43.05 ... ... 0 1
Illegal activities acceptable to peer group 16.03 ... ... 0 1
Note: Based on 2,778 youth aged 12 to 17.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, International Youth Survey, Toronto, 2006.