Table B.11
Adjusted odds ratios for low earnings among the entire population by demographic, education and work characteristics, Canada, 2006
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| Effect | Demographic | Geography | Education | Major activity | Industry / occupation |
Self-employed | All | All without self-employed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 | Column 5 | Column 6 | Column 7 | Column 8 | |
| ratio | ||||||||
| R - squared | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.30 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.47*** | 0.47*** | 0.44*** | 0.57*** | 0.45*** | 0.38*** | 0.49*** | 0.56*** |
| Age | ||||||||
| 25 to 29 | 1.64*** | 1.65*** | 1.80*** | 1.18 | 1.62*** | 2.18*** | 1.48*** | 1.13 |
| 30 to 34 | 1.26** | 1.28** | 1.38*** | 1.14 | 1.35*** | 1.50*** | 1.27* | 1.14 |
| 35 to 39 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 1.21* | 1.04 | 0.93 |
| 40 to 44 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.20* | 1.13 | 1.06 |
| 45 to 491 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 50 to 54 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 |
| 55 to 59 | 1.93*** | 1.92*** | 1.89*** | 1.41*** | 1.69*** | 1.88*** | 1.36** | 1.45*** |
| 60 to 64 | 4.22*** | 4.25*** | 4.12*** | 2.12*** | 2.86*** | 4.04*** | 1.75*** | 2.02*** |
| Family situation | ||||||||
| Single | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.01 |
| Married without kids | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.88* | 0.87 | 0.83* | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.82* |
| Married with kids1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Lone parent family | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.21 | 1.14 |
| Other | 1.39*** | 1.39*** | 1.32*** | 1.31*** | 1.24** | 1.42*** | 1.29** | 1.19* |
| Years since immigration | ||||||||
| Not an immigrant1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than 10 years | 1.59*** | 1.73*** | 1.94*** | 1.74*** | 1.77*** | 2.05*** | 1.78*** | 1.62** |
| 10 to 29 years | 1.24* | 1.36** | 1.38*** | 1.59*** | 1.37** | 1.35*** | 1.47** | 1.55*** |
| More than 30 years | 0.79* | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.91 |
| Province of residence | ||||||||
| Newfoundland | ... | 2.47*** | 2.26*** | 1.97*** | 2.30*** | 2.54*** | 2.39*** | 2.03*** |
| Prince Edward Island | ... | 1.67*** | 1.55*** | 1.31** | 1.50*** | 1.63*** | 1.35** | 1.23 |
| Nova Scotia | ... | 1.45*** | 1.41*** | 1.46*** | 1.38*** | 1.50*** | 1.55*** | 1.41*** |
| New Brunswick | ... | 1.75*** | 1.64*** | 1.73*** | 1.65*** | 1.82*** | 2.08*** | 1.70*** |
| Quebec | ... | 1.34*** | 1.24*** | 1.24*** | 1.30*** | 1.29*** | 1.34*** | 1.28*** |
| Ontario1 | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Manitoba | ... | 1.20** | 1.13* | 1.13 | 1.08 | 1.20** | 1.17 | 1.06 |
| Saskatchwan | ... | 1.20** | 1.12 | 1.18* | 0.96 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
| Alberta | ... | 0.87* | 0.83** | 0.79** | 0.77*** | 0.82** | 0.77** | 0.76** |
| British Columbia | ... | 1.19** | 1.18** | 1.10 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| Less than high school | ... | ... | 1.62*** | 1.68*** | 1.30*** | 1.64*** | 1.44*** | 1.38*** |
| High school or trades graduate1 | ... | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| College | ... | ... | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | 0.88* | 0.75*** | 0.85* | 0.86* |
| University | ... | ... | 0.51*** | 0.47*** | 0.66*** | 0.48*** | 0.57*** | 0.61*** |
| Main activity | ||||||||
| Working1 | ... | ... | ... | 1.00 | ... | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Caring for child or family member | ... | ... | ... | 4.32*** | ... | ... | 4.10*** | 3.86*** |
| Retired | ... | ... | ... | 4.41*** | ... | ... | 5.15*** | 4.20*** |
| Student | ... | ... | ... | 5.86*** | ... | ... | 6.11*** | 5.43*** |
| Other | ... | ... | ... | 2.53*** | ... | ... | 2.74*** | 2.41*** |
| Work schedule | ||||||||
| Full-time full-year1 | ... | ... | ... | 1.00 | ... | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not full-time full-year | ... | ... | ... | 5.80*** | ... | ... | 6.77*** | 5.62*** |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Management | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.40*** | ... | 0.30*** | 0.55*** |
| Business administration | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.43*** | ... | 0.48*** | 0.43*** |
| Science | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.29*** | ... | 0.39*** | 0.35*** |
| Sales1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.00 | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Health | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.29*** | ... | 0.24*** | 0.27*** |
| Social science | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.58*** | ... | 0.56*** | 0.66** |
| Arts and recreation | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.19 | ... | 0.67 | 1.35 |
| Trades | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.57*** | ... | 0.59*** | 0.61*** |
| Primary | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.47* | ... | 0.96 | 1.67* |
| Process | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.99 | ... | 0.92 | 0.91 |
| Industry | ||||||||
| Agriculture | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.56 | ... | 1.52 | 2.14** |
| Primary industries | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.53** | ... | 0.44*** | 0.39*** |
| Utilities | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.03 | ... | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| Construction | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.16 | ... | 0.73 | 1.02 |
| Health1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.00 | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Manufacturing | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.42*** | ... | 0.55** | 0.47*** |
| Trade | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.02 | ... | 1.16 | 1.10 |
| Transport | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.89 | ... | 0.73 | 0.91 |
| Finance | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.54*** | ... | 0.46*** | 0.58** |
| Professional, science and technical services | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.98 | ... | 0.55** | 0.95 |
| Business, building and other support services | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.60** | ... | 1.18 | 1.54* |
| Education | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.71* | ... | 0.72* | 0.58*** |
| Culture | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.09 | ... | 1.12 | 1.04 |
| Food industry | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2.08*** | ... | 2.33*** | 2.12*** |
| Other | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.57** | ... | 1.20 | 1.75*** |
| Public administration | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.29*** | ... | 0.39*** | 0.29*** |
| Self-employment status | ||||||||
| Not self-employed1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.00 | 1.00 | ... |
| Self-employed | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3.71*** | 7.46*** | ... |
| ... not applicable * p ≤ 0.05 ** p ≤ 0.01 *** p ≤ 0.001 1. Reference category. Note: Based on 27,804 respondents. Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, 2006. |
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