High-, medium- and low-knowledge industries

Industries are classified into high-, medium- and low-knowledge sectors on the basis of three R&D measures: the R&D-to-sales ratios, the proportion of R&D personnel to total employment, and the proportion of professional R&D personnel to total employment; and three measures of human capital: the ratio of workers with postsecondary education to total employment, the ratio of knowledge workers (occupations in the natural sciences, engineering and mathematics, education, management and administration, social sciences, law and jurisprudence, medicine and health, and writing) to total employment, and the ratio of the number of employed scientists and engineers to total employment. High-knowledge industries are those that fall in the top third on the basis of two of the R&D measures and two of the human capital indices.