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Table 2
Number of years to achieve income parity by admission category

Immigrant Education on landing Prior ability in an official language Type of area
Very large Large Mid-sized Small Very small
Economic years
Europe, United States or Oceania High school or less no >13 >13 11 11 >13
Africa and Asia High school or less no >13 >13 >13 >13 >13
Latin America High school or less no >13 >13 >13 >13 >13
Europe, United States or Oceania High school or less yes >13 5 6 7 11
Africa and Asia High school or less yes >13 >13 >13 11 7
Latin America High school or less yes >13 11 >13 11 >13
Europe, United States or Oceania University degree no >13 5 5 2 2
Africa and Asia University degree no >13 >13 >13 3 1
Latin America University degree no >13 11 >13 4 4
Europe, United States or Oceania University degree yes 7 2 3 1 1
Africa and Asia University degree yes >13 5 11 2 1
Latin America University degree yes 7 4 9 2 1
Refugees
Europe, United States or Oceania High school or less no >13 >13 >13 >13 >13
Africa and Asia High school or less no >13 >13 >13 >13 10
Latin America High school or less no >13 >13 >13 >13 >13
Europe, United States or Oceania High school or less yes >13 >13 >13 >13 4
Africa and Asia High school or less yes >13 >13 >13 >13 2
Latin America High school or less yes >13 >13 >13 >13 6
Europe, United States or Oceania University degree no >13 >13 >13 7 1
Africa and Asia University degree no >13 >13 >13 11 1
Latin America University degree no >13 >13 >13 13 1
Europe, United States or Oceania University degree yes >13 11 >13 3 1
Africa and Asia University degree yes >13 >13 >13 7 1
Latin America University degree yes >13 >13 >13 7 1

Note: Reference to ">13" means that 13 years after establishment, which is the maximum allowed to be considered with the data, these immigrants still had an unfavourable income gap.
All of the regression coefficients used for these calculations are significant to a threshold of 1% or more, with two exceptions. These are the coefficients associated with Latin America (definitive outcomes for Europe, the United States and Oceania), for the very large urban areas (not significant for conventional thresholds) and for small cities and rural areas (significant to a threshold of 5%). If the coefficient is not significant, it is assumed to be zero, therefore its value does not have an effect on these findings.
Source: Statistics Canada, Longitudinal Administrative Databank, 1992 to 2005.