Housing Statistics in Canada
Housing Experiences in Canada: Arab people in 2016
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The Housing Experiences in Canada series of fact sheets highlights the diversity of housing situations experienced by different groups of people living across Canada.
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Highlights from the 2016 Census: Arab population
This fact sheet focuses on Arab people living in private dwellings. The statistics below are derived from the 2016 Census. For the purposes of this analysis, Arab people were identified based on responses to the population group question on the census questionnaire, which are primarily used to identify racialized Canadians, defined as the visible minority population in the Employment Equity Act.Note 1 Because this fact sheet focuses on Arab people in private dwellings, those living in collective dwellings are not included in the data.Note 2 More fact sheets are available on the Housing Experiences in Canada series page.
The National Housing Strategy Act (2019) declared that “the right to adequate housing is a fundamental human right affirmed in international law.” Adequate housing is understood in international law as housing that provides secure tenure; is affordable; is habitable; provides access to basic infrastructure; is located close to employment, services and amenities; is accessible for people of all abilities; and is culturally appropriate.
This fact sheet focuses on the experience of Arab people living in private dwellings, using the following indicators collected and produced by Statistics Canada: tenure status of the household, shelter costs, housing affordability and suitability, condition of the dwelling, core housing need, and household living arrangements.
While these indicators together do not perfectly measure adequate housing as defined in international law, they are nevertheless useful proxies for understanding the housing experiences of people living in Canada.
Tenure status of household
The tenure status of a household refers to whether the household owns or rents its private dwelling.Note 3 Homeownership is an important aspect of Canadian society and can affect outcomes for many housing indicators. For this reason, owner and renter households are often considered separately in housing analyses. In many cases, researchers further examine whether households in owner-occupied dwellings have mortgages on their dwellings and whether renter households pay subsidized rent.
According to the 2016 Census, Arab people were less likely than the total population to live in a private dwelling owned by a member of their household. Of the 523,235 Arab people in Canada in 2016, 47.9% lived in a private dwelling owned by a member of their household, compared with 71.6% of the total population.
The proportion of Arab people living in rented dwellings (52.1%) was higher than that of the total population (26.6%), and Arab people were more likely to live in subsidized rented dwellings (7.9%) than the total population (3.3%). Of the 272,360 Arab people who lived in rented dwellings, 41,110 (7.9%) lived in subsidized housing and 231,250 (44.2%) lived in non-subsidized rental housing.
The 250,855 Arab people who owned their homes or lived with someone who owned their home can be further divided into the 205,525 (39.3%) who lived in a dwelling with a mortgage and the remaining 45,270 (8.7%) who lived in a dwelling without a mortgage. Arab people were less than half as likely to live in an owner-occupied dwelling without a mortgage (8.7%) than the total population (23.3%).
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, tenure status | 523,235 | 100.0 | 34,460,065 | 100.0 |
| Owner | 250,855 | 47.9 | 24,683,880 | 71.6 |
| With a mortgage | 205,525 | 39.3 | 16,670,675 | 48.4 |
| Without a mortgage | 45,270 | 8.7 | 8,013,205 | 23.3 |
| Renter | 272,360 | 52.1 | 9,164,150 | 26.6 |
| Subsidized housing | 41,110 | 7.9 | 1,135,275 | 3.3 |
| Not subsidized housing | 231,250 | 44.2 | 8,028,875 | 23.3 |
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Note: Figures may not add up to 100% because of rounding. Source: 2016 Census of Population |
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Shelter costs
Shelter costs refer to the monthly dwelling-related expenses paid by households, including mortgage or rent. For owner-occupied dwellings, shelter costs include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.
In Canada, the median shelter cost paid by Arab households ($1,200) was higher than the median shelter cost paid by all households ($1,020) in 2016.Note 4
Arab households in owner-occupied dwellings had higher median shelter costs than all households, and costs were similar for renters. The median shelter cost paid by Arab households in owner-occupied dwellings was $1,680, compared with $1,130 for all households. For Arab households in rented dwellings, the median shelter cost was $950, compared with $910 for all households.
The median shelter cost paid by households in owner-occupied dwellings is typically larger when there is a mortgage on the dwelling, because a mortgage can represent a large portion of monthly shelter costs. Arab households with a mortgage on their dwelling ($1,880) paid more per month in median shelter costs than all households in owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage ($1,620). The same was true for Arab households in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage ($660), where shelter costs were higher compared with all households without a mortgage ($540).
The median shelter cost paid by renter households usually depends on the presence of a rent subsidy.Note 5 Arab households in rented dwellings with a subsidy ($592) had similar median monthly shelter costs as all households in rented dwellings with a subsidy ($524). Median shelter costs for Arab households in rented dwellings without a subsidy ($990) were also similar to the shelter costs for all households in rented dwellings without a subsidy ($960).
| Arab households | All households | |
|---|---|---|
| median (dollars) | ||
| Total, shelter costsTable 2 Note 1 | 1,200 | 1,020 |
| Owner | 1,680 | 1,130 |
| With a mortgage | 1,880 | 1,620 |
| Without a mortgage | 660 | 540 |
| Renter | 950 | 910 |
| Subsidized housing | 592 | 524 |
| Not subsidized housing | 990 | 960 |
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Housing affordability
Housing affordability is derived using the shelter-cost-to-income ratio, which refers to the proportion of average total income households spend on shelter costs. A household is said to have affordable housing if it spends less than 30% of its total income on shelter costs.Note 6
According to the 2016 Census, Arab people were nearly twice as likely to live in households that spent more than 30% of their total household income on shelter; 206,115 Arab people (39.8%) lived in households spending more than 30% of their total income on shelter, compared with 20.0% of the total population.
Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings (33.8%) were more than twice as likely to live in unaffordable housing as the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (14.7%). A significant difference was also present for Arab people in renter households (45.4%), where the rate of unaffordable housing was higher than for the total population (34.5%).
For those living in owner-occupied dwellings, the rate of unaffordable housing differed depending on the presence of a mortgage. Arab people in households with a mortgage (38.9%) were more likely to be in unaffordable housing than the total population with a mortgage (19.6%). Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage (10.5%) were also more likely to be in unaffordable housing than the total population in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage (4.4%).
The rate of unaffordable housing was similar for Arab people in renter households with a subsidy (32.2% compared with 32.3% for the total population) and higher for those without a subsidy (47.8% compared with 34.8% for the total population).
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, shelter-cost-to-income ratioTable 3 Note 1 | 517,740 | 100.0 | 33,642,820 | 100.0 |
| Spending more than 30% of income on shelter costs | 206,115 | 39.8 | 6,742,050 | 20.0 |
| Owner | 84,660 | 33.8 | 3,605,535 | 14.7 |
| With a mortgage | 79,925 | 38.9 | 3,257,230 | 19.6 |
| Without a mortgage | 4,730 | 10.5 | 348,300 | 4.4 |
| Renter | 121,455 | 45.4 | 3,136,520 | 34.5 |
| Subsidized housing | 12,810 | 32.2 | 361,270 | 32.3 |
| Not subsidized housing | 108,645 | 47.8 | 2,775,245 | 34.8 |
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Housing suitability
Housing suitability refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS), that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. The indicator assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age and sex of household members, and the relationships between them.
According to the 2016 Census, Arab people were over three times more likely to live in unsuitable housing, meaning that there were not enough bedrooms in the dwelling to meet the needs of their household according to the National Occupancy Standard. In 2016, 150,970 Arab people (28.9%) lived in unsuitable housing, compared with 8.9% of the total population.
When individuals in owner-occupied dwellings are compared, Arab people (16.5%) were more than three times as likely to live in unsuitable housing as the total population (5.4%). A difference was also present among those in rented dwellings, where the share of Arab people living in rented dwellings that were unsuitable (40.2%) was more than double the share for the total population (17.8%).
When owner-occupied dwellings are differentiated by the presence of a mortgage, Arab people living in dwellings with (16.4%) and without (17.3%) a mortgage experienced unsuitable housing at higher rates than those in the total population. For the total population, 6.4% of individuals in owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage lived in unsuitable housing; this was the case for 3.4% of individuals in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage.
Arab people in renter households with and without a subsidy also experienced higher rates of unsuitable housing than the total population. There was a 20.2 percentage point difference in the unsuitable housing rate of Arab people (39.4%) and the total population (19.2%) living in subsidized housing, and a 22.7 percentage point difference in the unsuitable housing rate of Arab people (40.3%) and the total population (17.6%) living in non-subsidized housing.
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, housing suitability | 523,235 | 100.0 | 34,460,065 | 100.0 |
| Not suitable | 150,970 | 28.9 | 3,081,315 | 8.9 |
| Owner | 41,500 | 16.5 | 1,335,345 | 5.4 |
| With a mortgage | 33,680 | 16.4 | 1,062,985 | 6.4 |
| Without a mortgage | 7,815 | 17.3 | 272,365 | 3.4 |
| Renter | 109,470 | 40.2 | 1,631,845 | 17.8 |
| Subsidized housing | 16,190 | 39.4 | 218,130 | 19.2 |
| Not subsidized housing | 93,280 | 40.3 | 1,413,720 | 17.6 |
| Source: 2016 Census of Population | ||||
Condition of dwelling
Data on condition of dwelling are used to provide some insight into whether housing is habitable. Dwellings are classified into three groups by condition: needing regular maintenance only, needing minor repairs and needing major repairs. Dwellings in need of major repairs are considered to be inadequate housing. Examples of dwellings in need of major repairs include homes with defective plumbing or electrical wiring, and housing needing structural repairs to walls, floors, or ceilings.
According to the 2016 Census, Arab people (5.7%) were less likely to live in private dwellings that were in need of major repairs than the total population (6.7%).
Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings (4.7%) also lived in dwellings in need of major repairs at a lower rate than the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (5.5%). The same was true for Arab people in rented dwellings (6.5%), who were less likely to live in dwellings in need of major repairs than the total population (8.8%).
Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage (4.9%) were more likely to live in dwellings in need of major repairs than Arab people without a mortgage (4.0%). These rates were lower than for their counterparts in the total population.
Among Arab people in renter households, 7.6% of those with a subsidy lived in dwellings in need of major repairs and 6.4% of those without a subsidy lived in dwellings in need of major repairs. Both proportions were lower than those of the total population in rented dwellings with (11.6%) and without (8.4%) a subsidy.
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, dwelling condition | 523,235 | 100.0 | 34,460,065 | 100.0 |
| Dwelling in need of major repairs | 29,705 | 5.7 | 2,298,760 | 6.7 |
| Owner | 11,875 | 4.7 | 1,351,740 | 5.5 |
| With a mortgage | 10,050 | 4.9 | 956,105 | 5.7 |
| Without a mortgage | 1,825 | 4.0 | 395,640 | 4.9 |
| Renter | 17,820 | 6.5 | 807,125 | 8.8 |
| Subsidized housing | 3,135 | 7.6 | 131,670 | 11.6 |
| Not subsidized housing | 14,685 | 6.4 | 675,460 | 8.4 |
| Source: 2016 Census of Population | ||||
Core housing need
Core housing need touches on several elements of the right to adequate housing. It considers whether the affordability, suitability, and condition of dwelling needs of the household are being met and if not, whether affordable rental housing is available that meets all these needs. A household is said to be in core housing need if their dwelling falls below at least one of the affordability, suitability, or condition of dwelling standards, and would have to spend 30% or more of their total before-tax income to pay the median rent of alternative local housing that is acceptable (meets all three housing standards).
According to the 2016 Census, Arab people (24.7%) were more than twice as likely to live in households in core housing need as the total population (10.6%).
Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings (14.6%) were in core housing need at a rate nearly three times higher than the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (5.4%). The proportion of Arab people in rented dwellings in core housing need was 35.4%, which was higher than the 25.3% of the total population in rented dwellings in core housing need.
The incidence of core housing need was higher for Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings both with and without a mortgage than their counterparts in the total population. Among Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage, 15.3% were in core housing need, compared with 6.0% of the total population. The core housing need rate for Arab people in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage was 11.2%, compared with 4.3% for the total population.
Similarly, the incidence of core housing need varied for renters, depending on whether there was a rent subsidy. Arab people in renter households without a subsidy (34.4%) were more likely to live in core housing need than the total population without a subsidy (23.2%).
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, core housing needTable 6 Note 1 | 468,300 | 100.0 | 32,803,125 | 100.0 |
| In core housing need | 115,610 | 24.7 | 3,492,080 | 10.6 |
| Owner | 35,035 | 14.6 | 1,307,620 | 5.4 |
| With a mortgage | 30,080 | 15.3 | 971,150 | 6.0 |
| Without a mortgage | 4,950 | 11.2 | 336,470 | 4.3 |
| Renter | 80,570 | 35.4 | 2,184,455 | 25.3 |
| Subsidized housing | 14,445 | 40.4 | 433,190 | 39.9 |
| Not subsidized housing | 66,125 | 34.4 | 1,751,265 | 23.2 |
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Housing experiences of Arab men and women
In 1995, the Government of Canada committed to using GBA+ to advance gender equality in Canada, as part of the ratification of the United Nations’ Beijing Platform for Action.
Gender equality is enshrined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is part of the Constitution of Canada. Gender equality means that diverse groups of women, men and gender diverse people are able to participate fully in all spheres of Canadian life, contributing to an inclusive and democratic society.
GBA+ is an analytical process used to assess how diverse groups of women, men, and gender diverse people may experience policies, programs and initiatives. The “plus” in GBA+ is not just about differences between people on the basis of gender. We all have multiple characteristics that intersect and contribute to who we are. GBA+ considers many other identity factors such as race, ethnicity, immigrant status, religion, age, presence of a mental or physical disability and how the interaction between these factors influences the way we experience government policies and initiatives.
The data presented below highlight differences in housing experiences for Arab men and women. Compared with Arab men, Arab women were more likely to live in unsuitable housing and be in core housing need.
| Arab men | Arab women | |
|---|---|---|
| percent | ||
| In an owner-occupied dwelling | 47.7 | 48.2 |
| In household spending 30% or more of income on shelter costsTable 7 Note 1 | 39.8 | 39.9 |
| In unsuitable housing | 27.6 | 30.2 |
| In dwelling requiring major repairs | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| In core housing needTable 7 Note 2 | 23.8 | 25.7 |
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More information on GBA+ can be found at the Government of Canada’s Status of Women web page.
More information on the housing experiences of other subpopulations, broken down by age and gender groups, immigrant status, population groups designated as visible minorities, Indigenous populations and other groups can be found in the additional fact sheets on the Housing Experiences in Canada issue page. Additional data products that focus more on an intersectional GBA+ analysis of housing experiences will also be released through the Housing Experiences in Canada issue page as they become available.Household living arrangements
Household living arrangements refer to whether a person lives with another person or people, and, if so, whether they are related to that person or those people. Households can be further differentiated based on whether they are census family households or non-census-family households. Census family households contain at least one census family.Note 7 Non-census-family households are either one person living alone or a group of two or more people who live together but do not constitute a census family (for example, roommates).
According to the 2016 Census, 85.9% of Arab people lived as part of a one-census-family household. This was above the rate for the total population (79.6%). Arab people in one-census-family households were more likely to live in a couple family with children (69.6%) than without children (7.4%). This was also true for the total population, where 45.7% of individuals lived in a one-census-family household with children and 22.5% lived in households without children. Arab people (8.8%) were less likely to live in a one-parent family household than the total population (11.3%).
Living in a non-census-family household was less common for Arab people (9.3%) than the total population (15.4%). This is because a small proportion of Arab people lived alone (5.9%). By comparison, 11.5% of the total population in private households in Canada lived alone.
| Arab population | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, household type | 523,235 | 100.0 | 34,460,065 | 100.0 |
| One-census-family householdTable 8 Note 1 | 449,330 | 85.9 | 27,414,900 | 79.6 |
| Couple family without children | 38,930 | 7.4 | 7,761,355 | 22.5 |
| Couple family with children | 364,380 | 69.6 | 15,754,465 | 45.7 |
| One parent family | 46,020 | 8.8 | 3,899,085 | 11.3 |
| Multiple-census-family householdTable 8 Note 1 | 25,055 | 4.8 | 1,746,110 | 5.1 |
| Non-census-family household | 48,850 | 9.3 | 5,299,050 | 15.4 |
| One-person household | 30,810 | 5.9 | 3,967,770 | 11.5 |
| Two- or more person household | 18,045 | 3.4 | 1,331,280 | 3.9 |
Source: 2016 Census of Population |
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About the data
The estimates presented in this fact sheet are from the 2016 Census of Population. For detailed information on any of the indicators in this fact sheet, please refer to the Census of Population main page.
The Census of Population data on housing is collected on the long-form questionnaire which draws its sample from a frame of private dwellings across Canada. Since the survey sample is drawn from private households, individuals living in the following forms of housing are not included in the data:
- official representatives of foreign countries living in Canada, and their families
- members of religious and other communal colonies
- members of the Canadian Armed Forces living on military bases
- people living in seniors’ residences
- people living full time in institutions (e.g., inmates of penal institutions, and chronic care patients living in hospitals and nursing homes)
- people living in other types of collective dwellings (e.g., shelters, campgrounds and hotels).
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