Est-ce que la réduction du déséquilibre de la réponse accroît l’exactitude des estimations de l’enquête ? Section 2. Contexte et notation

Un échantillon probabiliste s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caaaa@350F@ est tiré de la population finie U = { 1 , 2 , , k , , N } . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyvaiabg2 da9maacmaabaGaaGymaiaacYcacaaIYaGaaiilaiablAciljaacYca caWGRbGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGobaacaGL7bGaayzFaaGaai Olaaaa@41C8@ L’unité k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaaaa@3507@ possède la probabilité d’inclusion connue π k = Pr ( k s ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiWda3aaS baaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaciiuaiaackhadaqadaqaaiaa dUgacqGHiiIZcaWGZbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@3EC1@ et le poids de sondage connu d k = 1 / π k . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9maalyaabaGaaGymaaqaaiabec8a WnaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaGccaGGUaaaaa@3B92@ Une non-réponse a lieu. L’ensemble de répondants, désigné r , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiaacY caaaa@35BE@ est un sous-ensemble de s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caaaa@350F@ pour lequel la variable étudiée est observée. Nous ne savons pas comment r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaaaa@350E@ a été généré à partir de s ; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CaiaacU daaaa@35CE@ les probabilités de réponse sont inconnues (si l’on suppose qu’elles « existent », elles ne sont pas nécessaires dans le présent article). Le taux de réponse (pondéré par les poids de sondage) est

P = r d k / s d k . ( 2.1 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaiabg2 da9maalyaabaWaaabeaeaacaWGKbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaaqa aiaadkhaaeqaniabggHiLdaakeaadaaeqaqaaiaadsgadaWgaaWcba Gaam4AaaqabaaabaGaam4Caaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaGccaGGUaGaaGzb VlaaywW7caaMf8UaaGzbVlaaywW7caGGOaGaaGOmaiaac6cacaaIXa Gaaiykaaaa@4BBE@

Si A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@34DD@ est un ensemble d’unités, A U , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgA OinlaadwfacaGGSaaaaa@3868@ une somme k A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabeaeaaca aMb8oaleaacaWGRbGaeyicI4Saamyqaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@3ABE@ s’écrira A . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabeaeaaca aMb8oaleaacaWGbbaabeqdcqGHris5aOGaaiOlaaaa@3906@ L’enquête peut compter de nombreuses variables étudiées. Une variable type, désignée y MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEaaaa@3515@ (continue ou catégorique), possède une valeur y k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3631@ qui est enregistrée pour k r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI Giolaadkhaaaa@3782@ mais manquante pour k s r . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI GiolaadohacqGHsislcaWGYbGaaiOlaaaa@3A19@ Notre objectif est d’estimer le total de population de y , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEaiaacY caaaa@35C5@ Y = U y k . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamywaiabg2 da9maaqababaGaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaeaacaWGvbaa beqdcqGHris5aOGaaiOlaaaa@3B83@ L’indicateur de réponse I MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysaaaa@34E5@ prend la valeur I k = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@37CC@ pour k r , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI GiolaadkhacaGGSaaaaa@3832@ I k = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@37CB@ pour k s r . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI GiolaadohacqGHsislcaWGYbGaaiOlaaaa@3A19@ Un objectif dans la pratique est d’obtenir une réponse r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaaaa@350E@ qui est bien équilibrée, au sens qui sera spécifié plus tard. Nous sommes amenés à considérer les différents ensembles r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaaaa@350E@ qui peuvent provenir d’un échantillon donné s . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caiaac6 caaaa@35C1@

Le vecteur auxiliaire x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaaaa@3518@ de dimension J 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaiabgw MiZkaaigdaaaa@3767@ prend la valeur x k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3634@ connue au moins pour toutes les unités k s . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI GiolaadohacaGGUaaaaa@3835@ L’information auxiliaire peut être utilisée dans la collecte des données (pour surveiller le flux de données entrantes afin d’arriver à un meilleur équilibre) et/ou dans l’estimation (pour le calcul de poids calés). Le vecteur auxiliaire ne doit pas nécessairement être le même dans les deux cas, mais nous supposons ici que les deux vecteurs concordent et que l’information x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaaaa@3518@ utilisée concerne les unités k s . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI GiolaadohacaGGUaaaaa@3835@ Cela englobe le cas important des paradonnées, c’est-à-dire des variables portant sur le processus de collecte des données.

Un type important de vecteur auxiliaire est le vecteur de groupes. Il précise l’appartenance de chaque unité k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaaaa@3507@ à l’un de J MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaaaa@34E6@ groupes de l’échantillon mutuellement exclusifs et exhaustifs, de sorte que x k = ( 0 , , 1 , 0 ) , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9maabmaabaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWI MaYscaGGSaGaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaaIWaaacaGLOaGaayzkaa WaaWbaaSqabeaakiadaITHYaIOaaGaaiilaaaa@4317@ où la seule valeur « 1 » indique l’unique groupe (sur les J MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaaaa@34E6@ possibles) auquel k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaaaa@3507@ appartient.

Un vecteur de groupes existe lorsque plusieurs variables auxiliaires catégoriques sont entièrement croisées. Par exemple, si x = ( s e x e × é t u d e s × â g e ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaiabg2 da9maabmaabaGaam4CaiaadwgacaWG4bGaamyzaiaaysW7cqGHxdaT caaMe8Uaamy6aiaadshacaWG1bGaamizaiaadwgacaWGZbGaaGjbVl abgEna0kaaysW7caWGIdGaam4zaiaadwgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@4F3B@ représente le croisement de 2 sexes, 3 catégories exhaustives d’études et 4 catégories exhaustives d’âge, alors x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaaaa@3518@ est un vecteur de groupes de dimension J = 2 × 3 × 4 = 24 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaiabg2 da9iaaikdacqGHxdaTcaaIZaGaey41aqRaaGinaiabg2da9iaaikda caaI0aaaaa@3ED1@ et pouvant prendre autant de valeurs possibles x k . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaac6caaaa@36F0@ Quand plusieurs variables catégoriques sont utilisées mais qu’elles ne sont pas entièrement croisées  MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqaqpepC0xbbL8F4rqqqpepeea0xe9Lqpe0x e9q8qqvqFr0dXdHiVc=bYP0xH8peuj0lXxdrpe0=1qpeeaY=rrVue9 Fve9Fve8meaabaqaciGacaGabeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaieaajugyba baaaaaaaaapeGaa83eGaaa@38B6@ un important aspect pratique dans les organismes statistiques  MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqaqpepC0xbbL8F4rqqqpepeea0xe9Lqpe0x e9q8qqvqFr0dXdHiVc=bYP0xH8peuj0lXxdrpe0=1qpeeaY=rrVue9 Fve9Fve8meaabaqaciGacaGabeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaieaajugyba baaaaaaaaapeGaa83eGaaa@38B6@ , la dimension J MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaaaa@34E6@ de x k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3634@ peut être maintenue relativement modeste (disons inférieure à 15) tout en codant un nombre beaucoup plus élevé (disons plus d’une centaine) de propriétés possibles x k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3634@ des unités k . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaiaac6 caaaa@35B9@ Pour une étude de la Swedish Living Conditions Survey, Särndal et Lundquist (2014a) ont utilisé un vecteur x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaaaa@3518@ de dimension 14 avec 256 valeurs possibles. Le cas du vecteur de groupes et le cas du vecteur sans groupes révèlent d’importantes différences dans les résultats qui suivent.

Tous les vecteurs auxiliaires utilisés ici satisfont une contrainte appliquée pour des raisons de commodité mathématique sans restreindre gravement le choix du vecteur, à savoir qu’il existe un vecteur constant μ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiVdaaa@355F@ tel que

μ x k = 1 pour tout k . ( 2.2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcaaQabCiVdy aafaGaaCiEaOWaaSbaaKqaGgaacaWGRbaabeaajaaOcqGH9aqpcaaI XaGaaGjbVlaaysW7caqGWbGaae4BaiaabwhacaqGYbGaaGjbVlaabs hacaqGVbGaaeyDaiaabshacaaMe8Uaam4Aaiaac6cakiaaywW7caaM f8UaaGzbVlaaywW7caaMf8UaaiikaiaaikdacaGGUaGaaGOmaiaacM caaaa@5616@

Par exemple, quand J = 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaiabg2 da9iaaikdaaaa@36A8@ et x k = ( 1 , x k ) , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9maabmaabaGaaGymaiaacYcacaWG 4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabe aakiadaITHYaIOaaGaaiilaaaa@4022@ alors μ = ( 1 , 0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiVdiabg2 da9maabmaabaGaaGymaiaacYcacaaIWaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWba aSqabeaakiadaITHYaIOaaaaaa@3D2A@ satisfait la contrainte. Dans le cas du vecteur de groupes, où x k = ( 0 , , 1 , , 0 ) , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEamaaBa aaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabg2da9maabmaabaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWI MaYscaGGSaGaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaaGimaaGaayjkai aawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGccWaGyBOmGikaaiaacYcaaaa@43C7@ alors μ = ( 1 , , 1 , , 1 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiVdiabg2 da9maabmaabaGaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaaGymaiaacYca cqWIMaYscaGGSaGaaGymaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGccW aGyBOmGikaaaaa@423A@ satisfait la contrainte. Si x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiEaaaa@3518@ n’est pas un vecteur de groupes, disons un vecteur utilisé pour coder « études » en se servant de trois catégories mutuellement exclusives et exhaustives, et « sexe » au moyen d’une variable univariée égale à 1 ou 0, alors J = 3 + 1 = 4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaiabg2 da9iaaiodacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaeyypa0JaaGinaaaa@3A0A@ (pas de croisement des variables études et sexe), et μ = ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepC0xd9Wqpe0dd9 qqaqFeFr0xbbG8FaYPYRWFb9fi0lXxbvc9Ff0dfrpm0dXdHqps0=vr 0=vr0=fdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaCiVdiabg2 da9maabmaabaGaaGymaiaacYcacaaIXaGaaiilaiaaigdacaGGSaGa aGimaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGccWaGyBOmGikaaaaa@4000@ satisfait la contrainte.

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