Table 5
Probit coefficients

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Probit coefficients: Part 1
  All plants Non-exporters Exporters Dummy for exporters
Variables coefficient standard error coefficient standard error coefficient standard error coefficient standard error
Changes in tariffs -0.128 * 0.014 -0.099 * 0.020 -0.313 * 0.040 -0.099 * 0.020
Change in real exchange rates 0.008 * 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.033 * 0.008 0.004 0.004
Relative productivity -0.052 * 0.007 -0.052 * 0.008 -0.018 ** 0.011 -0.052 * 0.008
Relative employment -0.134 * 0.008 -0.155 * 0.013 -0.071 * 0.007 -0.155 * 0.013
Age -0.033 * 0.001 -0.032 * 0.001 -0.017 * 0.002 -0.032 * 0.001
Change in tariffs × relative productivity 0.038 * 0.018 0.025 0.021 0.091 * 0.031 0.025 0.021
Change in tariffs × relative employment 0.010 0.028 0.013 0.046 0.038 ** 0.023 0.013 0.046
Change in tariffs × relative age -0.003 0.003 0.000 0.004 -0.007 0.007 0.000 0.004
Change in real exchange rates × relative productivity -0.008 * 0.004 -0.003 0.004 -0.017 * 0.005 -0.003 0.004
Change in real exchange rates × relative employment 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.007
Change in real exchange rates × relative age -0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002 -0.001 0.001
Constant -0.404 * 0.004 -0.383 * 0.006 -0.669 * 0.013 -0.383 * 0.006
Change in tariffs × dummy             -0.214 * 0.045
Change in real exchange rates × dummy             0.029 * 0.009
Relative productivity × dummy             0.033 * 0.013
Relative employment × dummy             0.085 * 0.015
Age × dummy             0.015 * 0.003
Change in tariffs × relative productivity × dummy             0.066 ** 0.038
Change in tariffs × relative employment × dummy             0.026 0.052
Change in tariffs × relative age × dummy             -0.007 0.008
Change in real exchange rates × relative productivity × dummy             -0.014 * 0.007
Change in real exchange rates × relative employment × dummy             0.000 0.008
Change in real exchange rates × relative age × dummy             0.001 0.002
Constant × dummy             -0.286 * 0.014
Probit coefficients: Part 2
  All plants Non-exporters Exporters Dummy for exporters
Diagnostic statistics  
Number of observations 114,138 95,906 18,232 114,138
Log pseudolikelihood -71,306 -61,655 -9,295 -70,950
Pseudo R-squared 0.0376 0.0307 0.0278 0.0424
Probit coefficients: Part 3
  Domestic-controlled plants Foreign-controlled plants Dummy for foreign-controlled plants
Variables coefficient standard error coefficient standard error coefficient standard error
Changes in tariffs -0.126 * 0.016 -0.285 * 0.044 -0.126 * 0.016
Change in real exchange rates 0.005 0.004 0.019 * 0.007 0.005 0.004
Relative productivity -0.054 * 0.009 -0.057 * 0.011 -0.054 * 0.009
Relative employment -0.147 * 0.010 -0.100 * 0.007 -0.147 * 0.010
Age -0.034 * 0.001 -0.013 * 0.003 -0.034 * 0.001
Change in tariffs × relative productivity 0.040 * 0.020 0.008 0.041 0.040 * 0.020
Change in tariffs × relative employment -0.018 0.035 0.099 * 0.026 -0.018 0.035
Change in tariffs × relative age -0.004 0.003 0.014 0.009 -0.004 0.003
Change in real exchange rates × relative productivity -0.004 0.006 -0.013 * 0.004 -0.004 0.006
Change in real exchange rates × relative employment 0.006 0.006 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.006
Change in real exchange rates × relative age -0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.001
Constant -0.398 * 0.005 -0.516 * 0.011 -0.398 * 0.005
Change in tariffs × dummy         -0.159 * 0.047
Change in real exchange rates × dummy         0.014 ** 0.007
Relative productivity × dummy         -0.004 0.014
Relative employment × dummy         0.047 * 0.013
Age × dummy         0.020 * 0.003
Change in tariffs × relative productivity × dummy         -0.032 0.046
Change in tariffs × relative employment × dummy         0.117 * 0.044
Change in tariffs × relative age × dummy         0.018 ** 0.010
Change in real exchange rates × relative productivity × dummy         -0.009 0.007
Change in real exchange rates × relative employment × dummy         -0.005 0.007
Change in real exchange rates × relative age × dummy         0.000 0.002
Constant × dummy         -0.118 * 0.012
Probit coefficients: Part 4
  Domestic-controlled plants Foreign-controlled plants Dummy for foreign- controlled plants
Diagnostic statistics  
Number of observations 98,172 15,966 114,138
Log pseudolikelihood -62,104 -9,086 -71,190
Pseudo R-squared 0.0361 0.0354 0.0392
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.1
Note(s):
Standard errors correct for correlation across repeated observations on individual plants. All regressions are run with demeaned data (period- and 2-digit industry- specific mean is subtracted from each variable). Data cells are left blank when variables are not included in the model.