Text table 4
Wage regressions
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| Canada | United States | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||
| coefficient | standard error | coefficient | standard error | coefficient | standard error | coefficient | standard error | |
| Variables | ||||||||
| Less than high school interacted with | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,162 *** | -0.006 | -0,200 *** | -0.009 | -0,260 *** | -0.005 | -0,171 *** | -0.006 |
| 1990 | -0,289 *** | -0.008 | -0,216 *** | -0.010 | -0,380 *** | -0.006 | -0,200 *** | -0.007 |
| 2000 | -0,389 *** | -0.010 | -0,221 *** | -0.012 | -0,399 *** | -0.006 | -0,093 *** | -0.008 |
| 2005 | -0,382 *** | -0.010 | -0,238 *** | -0.014 | -0,481 *** | -0.007 | -0,198 *** | -0.008 |
| High school interacted with | ||||||||
| 1980 (reference group) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| 1990 | -0,106 *** | -0.006 | 0.000 | -0.008 | -0,139 *** | -0.004 | 0,020 *** | -0.005 |
| 2000 | -0,213 *** | -0.007 | -0,028 *** | -0.009 | -0,192 *** | -0.004 | 0,089 *** | -0.005 |
| 2005 | -0,181 *** | -0.006 | 0.005 | -0.008 | -0,254 *** | -0.004 | 0,057 *** | -0.004 |
| Non-university post-secondary interacted with | ||||||||
| 1980 | 0,063 *** | -0.008 | 0,159 *** | -0.010 | 0,068 *** | -0.004 | 0,119 *** | -0.005 |
| 1990 | -0.010 | -0.008 | 0,191 *** | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.004 | 0,224 *** | -0.005 |
| 2000 | -0,066 *** | -0.008 | 0,213 *** | -0.009 | -0,027 *** | -0.004 | 0,291 *** | -0.004 |
| 2005 | -0,037 *** | -0.007 | 0,265 *** | -0.008 | -0,068 *** | -0.004 | 0,267 *** | -0.004 |
| University graduate interacted with | ||||||||
| 1980 | 0,211 *** | -0.008 | 0,460 *** | -0.012 | 0,274 *** | -0.004 | 0,422 *** | -0.006 |
| 1990 | 0,155 *** | -0.008 | 0,487 *** | -0.010 | 0,320 *** | -0.004 | 0,596 *** | -0.005 |
| 2000 | 0,177 *** | -0.008 | 0,551 *** | -0.009 | 0,365 *** | -0.004 | 0,706 *** | -0.005 |
| 2005 | 0,214 *** | -0.008 | 0,587 *** | -0.009 | 0,375 *** | -0.004 | 0,719 *** | -0.004 |
| Less than high school interacted with immigrant and | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,336 *** | -0.015 | -0,148 *** | -0.016 | -0,206 *** | -0.011 | -0.001 | -0.013 |
| 1990 | -0,308 *** | -0.016 | -0,105 *** | -0.018 | -0,183 *** | -0.010 | -0,029 ** | -0.012 |
| 2000 | -0,376 *** | -0.024 | -0,169 *** | -0.025 | -0,088 *** | -0.010 | -0.020 | -0.012 |
| 2005 | -0,272 *** | -0.026 | -0,103 *** | -0.027 | -0,062 *** | -0.017 | -0,065 *** | -0.024 |
| High school interacted with immigrant and | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,379 *** | -0.013 | -0,279 *** | -0.017 | -0,314 *** | -0.013 | -0,096 *** | -0.014 |
| 1990 | -0,457 *** | -0.013 | -0,269 *** | -0.015 | -0,258 *** | -0.011 | -0,111 *** | -0.013 |
| 2000 | -0,446 *** | -0.016 | -0,317 *** | -0.018 | -0,191 *** | -0.010 | -0,155 *** | -0.011 |
| 2005 | -0,430 *** | -0.014 | -0,349 *** | -0.015 | -0,216 *** | -0.019 | -0,228 *** | -0.024 |
| Variables | ||||||||
| Non-university post-secondary interacted with immigrant and | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,362 *** | -0.016 | -0,330 *** | -0.022 | -0,349 *** | -0.014 | -0,157 *** | -0.017 |
| 1990 | -0,472 *** | -0.018 | -0,319 *** | -0.016 | -0,330 *** | -0.012 | -0,255 *** | -0.015 |
| 2000 | -0,507 *** | -0.018 | -0,478 *** | -0.018 | -0,254 *** | -0.011 | -0,238 *** | -0.012 |
| 2005 | -0,517 *** | -0.014 | -0,475 *** | -0.014 | -0,342 *** | -0.024 | -0,340 *** | -0.027 |
| University graduate interacted with immigrant and | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,367 *** | -0.015 | -0,498 *** | -0.024 | -0,318 *** | -0.011 | -0,285 *** | -0.016 |
| 1990 | -0,440 *** | -0.013 | -0,517 *** | -0.017 | -0,403 *** | -0.010 | -0,418 *** | -0.013 |
| 2000 | -0,507 *** | -0.012 | -0,605 *** | -0.014 | -0,282 *** | -0.009 | -0,370 *** | -0.011 |
| 2005 | -0,634 *** | -0.011 | -0,660 *** | -0.012 | -0,351 *** | -0.016 | -0,441 *** | -0.022 |
| Age 1 interacted with | ||||||||
| 1980 | 0,010 *** | 0.000 | -0,002 *** | 0.000 | 0,016 *** | 0.000 | 0,003 *** | 0.000 |
| 1990 | 0,015 *** | 0.000 | 0,005 *** | 0.000 | 0,019 *** | 0.000 | 0,007 *** | 0.000 |
| 2000 | 0,017 *** | 0.000 | 0,012 *** | 0.000 | 0,016 *** | 0.000 | 0,009 *** | 0.000 |
| 2005 | 0,019 *** | 0.000 | 0,015 *** | 0.000 | 0,017 *** | 0.000 | 0,011 *** | 0.000 |
| Age interacted with immigrant and | ||||||||
| 1980 | -0,004 *** | -0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 | -0,007 *** | -0.001 | -0,004 *** | -0.001 |
| 1990 | -0,009 *** | -0.001 | -0,006 *** | -0.001 | -0,008 *** | -0.001 | -0,005 *** | -0.001 |
| 2000 | -0,018 *** | -0.001 | -0,015 *** | -0.001 | -0,011 *** | -0.001 | -0,010 *** | -0.001 |
| 2005 | -0,016 *** | -0.001 | -0,013 *** | -0.001 | -0,011 *** | -0.001 | -0,011 *** | -0.002 |
| Age squared | -0,001 *** | 0.000 | -0,001 *** | 0.000 | -0,001 *** | 0.000 | 0,000 *** | 0.000 |
| Non-official home language | -0,113 *** | -0.007 | -0,107 *** | -0.008 | -0,092 *** | -0.003 | -0,020 *** | -0.004 |
| Speaks English (reference group) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Speaks French | -0,057 *** | -0.007 | -0,045 *** | -0.008 | … | … | … | … |
| Speaks English and French | 0,013 *** | -0.005 | 0,073 *** | -0.005 | … | … | … | … |
| Does not speak English (or French in Canada) | -0,154 *** | -0.015 | -0,074 *** | -0.015 | -0,172 *** | -0.006 | -0,143 *** | -0.007 |
| Canada | United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Other variables included | ||||
| Source region 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Region of residence dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Diagnostic statistics | ||||
| Observations (number) | 406,102 | 353,371 | 1,050,671 | 944,428 |
| R-squared | 0.130 | 0.110 | 0.220 | 0.160 |
p < 0.01
p < 0.05
p < 0.10
The age variable is standardized at age 40 which is just above the sample mean.
source region dummies are standardized so that they represent an effect relative to the average across all regions.
Note(s):
The dependent variable is the log of weekly wages. The sample consists of paid workers aged 25 to 54 with positive weekly wages, living in private households, non-Aboriginal and not in military occupations. The immigrant sample includes only recent immigrants (no more than five years in the country) who were aged 25 or older at arrival. A 10% random sample of domestic-born workers from the Canadian and U.S. censuses was used (but the full sample of the 2005 ACS).
Source(s):
Canadian censuses of 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2006 20% files; U.S. censuses of 1980, 1990, and 2000 IPUMS 5% files and 2005 American Community Survey 1% file.
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