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  • 1. Out-of-pocket spending on prescription drugs Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200510913149
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    While spending on prescription drugs still constitutes less than 1% of the overall household budget, the average expenditure rose 71% between 1992 and 2002. Lack of universal coverage for prescription drugs could adversely affect seniors on fixed incomes and people with specific medical conditions. Spending is most affected by province of residence.

    Release date: 2005-12-22
  • 2. Who's missing out on the GIS? Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X200511013151
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The Guaranteed Income Supplement is one of the pillars of Canada's safety net for seniors. Available to those with little or no income other than Old Age Security, it plays an integral part in reducing low income among those 65 and over. However, a misunderstanding of the rules and requirements has meant that some eligible seniors are missing out.

    Release date: 2005-12-22
  • 3. Shifts in spending patterns of older Canadians Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X20051128982
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    As households age and labour market attachment diminishes, income, savings and wealth generally become less. Households also become smaller as adult children leave or a spouse dies. And spending patterns change. Using 'similar' households, this study looks at changes in spending patterns for households headed by persons aged 55 or older in 1982 and 2003.

    Release date: 2005-12-20
  • 4. Love and Money: Intergenerational Mobility and Marital Matching on Parental Income Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005272
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper makes use of matched tax-return data for daughters, their parents, their partners and their partners' parents to investigate the interactions between intergenerational mobility and marital matching for young couples in Canada. We show how assortative mating contributes to intergenerational household income persistence. The strength of the association between sons-in-law's income and women's parental income means that the intergenerational link between household incomes is stronger than that found for daughters' own incomes alone. This is also the case when viewed from the other side, so that daughters' and their partners' earnings are related to partners' parental income. These results indicate that assortative matching magnifies individual-level intergenerational persistence.

    In the second part of the paper we consider assortative mating by parental income. We find that daughter's parental income has an elasticity of almost 0.2 with respect to her partner's parental income. This association is of approximately the same magnitude as the intergenerational link between parents' and children's incomes. We investigate variations in the correlation between the parental incomes across several measured dimensions; cohabiting couples have lower correlations, as do those who form partnerships early, those who live in rural areas and most interestingly, those who later divorce. We interpret this last result as evidence that, on average, couples with parental incomes that are more similar enjoy a more stable match.

    Release date: 2005-12-08
  • 5. Christmas Shopping: A Provincial Perspective Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-621-M2005034
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory
    Description:

    This article analyses Holiday retail sales in 2004 by commodity as well as by province and territory using data from the Monthly Retail Trade Survey and the Quarterly Retail Commodity Survey. Western Canadians led the country last Christmas in December 2004, with Albertans spending more per capita in retail stores than consumers in any other province. For Canada as a whole, the pace of growth in sales in stores doubled in December 2004 compared with the same month in 2003. What did shoppers buy besides toys and clothing? Jewellery, cameras and small electrical appliances were very popular gift items for the season.

    Release date: 2005-12-07
  • 6. The Instability of Family Earnings and Family Income in Canada, 1986 to 1991 and 1996 to 2001 Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005265
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    We investigate how family earnings instability has evolved between the late 1980s and the late 1990s and how family income instability varies across segments of the (family-level) earnings distribution. We uncover four key patterns. First, among the subset of families who were intact over the 1982-1991 and 1992-2001 periods, family earnings instability changed little between the late 1980s and the late 1990s. Second, the dispersion of families' permanent earnings became much more unequal during that period. Third, families who were in the bottom tertile of the (age-specific) earnings distribution in 1992-1995 had, during the 1996-2001 period, much more unstable market income than their counterparts in the top tertile. Fourth, among families with husbands aged under 45, the tax and transfer system has, during the 1996-2001 period, eliminated at least two-thirds (and up to all) of the differences in instability (measured in terms of proportional income gains/losses) in family market income that were observed during that period between families in the bottom tertile and those in the top tertile. This finding highlights the key stabilization role played by the tax and transfer system, a feature that has received relatively little attention during the 1990s when Employment Insurance (EI) (formerly known as Unemployment Insurance (UI)) and Social Assistance were reformed.

    Release date: 2005-11-02
  • 7. Summary Of: The Instability of Family Earnings and Family Income in Canada, 1986 to 1991 and 1996 to 2001 Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005266
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled: The Instability of Family Earnings and Family Income in Canada, 1986 to 1991 and 1996 to 2001. Despite its implications for family well-being, little attention has been paid to the analysis of earnings instability in the context of the family versus the earnings profiles of individuals. While a focus on individuals is important, the extent to which families can generate stable income flows from the labour market is a key concern for policymakers. Therefore, using data from Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD), this study documents how family earnings instability has evolved between two six-year periods: 1986-1991 and 1996-2001. We also examine how husbands' earnings instability compares to couples' earnings instability, and we compute measures of instability based on family earnings, family market income, and family income before and after tax. This allows us to examine the extent to which wives' earnings reduce the volatility of husbands' employment income; the extent to which the tax and transfer system plays a stabilization role; and the extent to which wives' earnings, taxes, and transfers reduce the differences in instability between couples in the bottom of the earnings distribution and those in the top.

    Release date: 2005-11-02
  • 8. Improving the quality of estimates for a low-income population: Use of a dual frame in the survey of household spending Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X20040018753
    Description:

    For the estimation of low-income households, a supplementary sample is selected within a limited number of geographic areas. This paper presents the dual sample design used, along with scenarios considered and some findings that led to the choices made.

    Release date: 2005-10-27
  • 9. Preparing for retirement Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-008-X20050028452
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Settling into retirement involves changes in many aspects of a person's life. Certainly financial adjustments are involved as employment income is replaced by retirement income and spending patterns are altered. People often find they have to make psychological and social adjustments as well. In light of these substantial transformations in lifestyle, retirement counsellors are increasingly encouraging older workers to prepare just as carefully for the non-financial as the financial challenges of retirement. This article draws on the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) to examine four specific non-financial preparations made prior to leaving the labour force by Canadians who had retired in the previous 10 years (1992 to 2002).

    Release date: 2005-09-13
  • 10. Provincial income disparities through an urban-rural lens Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-010-X20050088449
    Geography: Province or territory
    Description:

    The purpose of this paper is to analyse geographic income disparities in Canada from the perspective of provinces and especially urban and rural areas. In particular, it looks at how per capita incomes vary across the urban-rural continuum - that is, how per capita incomes in large cities like Toronto and Montreal compare with medium sized cities like Halifax and Victoria, small cities like Brandon and Drummondville and with rural areas.

    Release date: 2005-08-11
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Articles and reports (32)

Articles and reports (32) (20 to 30 of 32 results)

  • 21. Federal personal income tax: Slicing the pie Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-010-X20050057901
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    An overview of effective tax rates for different income groups.

    Release date: 2005-05-12
  • 22. Low-paid Work and Economically Vulnerable Families over the Last Two Decades Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005248
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    We examine the evolution of low-paid work and the position of economically vulnerable families in Canada over the last two decades. Despite substantial growth in workers' educational attainment and experience, the proportion of jobs paying less than $10.00 per hour has remained fairly stable since the early 1980s. However, union coverage in low-paid jobs has dropped, especially for males. The risk of job loss has changed little but the proportion of newly hired employees who hold temporary jobs has increased markedly, thereby indicating important changes in the employer-employee relationship. Despite their rising educational attainment, most low earners (except women aged 25 to 29) have not seen their chances of escaping low earnings improved between the 1980s and the 1990s.

    Of all full-time employees, 5% were low-paid and lived in low income families in 1980 and 2000. In 2000, individuals with no high school diploma, recent immigrants, unattached individuals, lone mothers and persons living alone accounted for fully 71% of all full-time workers in low-paid jobs and in low-income, but only 37% of all full-time workers. While members of these five groups account for the majority of low-paid workers in low-income families, two of these groups have seen their economic position declined significantly: low-educated couples and recent immigrants.

    Release date: 2005-04-25
  • 23. Summary Of: Low-paid Work and Economically Vulnerable Families over the Last Two Decades Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005249
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article summarizes findings from recent research papers in the Business and Labour Market Analysis Division of Statistics Canada, regarding low-paid work and economically vulnerable families. It begins by focusing on the evolution of wages in Canada between 1981 and 2004, and then turns to a close-hand look at low-paid work over these two decades. Next, it asks to what extent low-paid workers live in low income families, before documenting the deteriorating position in the labour marker of low-educated couples and recent immigrants.

    Release date: 2005-04-25
  • 24. Federal Personal Income Tax: Slicing the Pie Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-621-M2005024
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study examines trends in income, federal personal income tax and effective income tax rate, from 1990 to 2002. The paper splits income tax fillers into three groups: those in the lower half of the income distribution (deciles 1 to 5), those in the top 10% (decile 10) and those in between (deciles 6 to 9).

    Release date: 2005-04-22
  • 25. Low Income Cut-offs for 2004 and Low Income Measures for 2002 Archived
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2005003
    Description:

    Statistics Canada has been publishing data on low-income Canadians for more than 30 years. In the past, these measures were published separately in Low income cut-offs (Catalogue no. 13-551-XPB) and Low income measures, low-income after-tax cut-offs and low-income after-tax measures (Catalogue no. 13F0019-XPB). Henceforth, all these measures will be incorporated in this publication.

    As well as the various cut-offs, this publication contains a detailed description of the methods used to arrive at the cut-off points. There is also an explanation of how base years are defined, and how the cut-offs are updated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

    Release date: 2005-04-21
  • 26. Is Post-secondary Access More Equitable in Canada or the United States? Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005244
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This comparative study investigates the role of family background characteristics in postsecondary access in Canada and the United States. Given that postsecondary schooling is funded very differently in the two countries, family background may play substantively different roles. The findings suggest that university-going is less common among lower-income students and members of a visible minority group in the U.S. than among their Canadian counterparts. Some possible reasons are discussed.

    Release date: 2005-03-15
  • 27. Participation in Post-secondary Education in Canada: Has the Role of Parental Income and Education Changed over the 1990s? Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005243
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper examines the extent to which the relationship between participation in post-secondary education and family background, namely parental income and parental education changed between 1993 and 2001. The results support a long-standing pattern that university participation rates are highest among youths from high-income families and of highly educated parents. There is no evidence to suggest that this relationship between university participation and family background changed over the 1993-2001 period. Although university participation rates generally rise as family incomes increase, there is little difference in participation rates among youths from modest-income (below $75,000) and low-income families. Overall, the correlation between university participation and family income changed very little between 1993 and 2001. Next, when taking account of both parental education and parental income, university participation rates are more strongly associated with parents' level of education than with their income. The paper discusses significant data gaps and concludes that these data gaps do not have important implications on conclusions about the relationship between post-secondary education and family background throughout the 1993-2001 period.

    Release date: 2005-02-16
  • 28. Income Inequality and Low Income in Canada: an International Perspective Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005240
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper provides an overview of income inequality and low-income trends in Canada from an international perspective. It addresses a series of questions, including:- Is family income inequality rising in Canada after decades of stability?- Is Canada a low- or high-income inequality country?- Does Canada have a low or high low-income rate as compared to other western nations?- Does the tax/transfer system reduce low-income rates in Canada more than in the U.S. or in European countries?- Has the low-income rate and the depth of low income risen in Canada during the past two decades?- Does rising low income among immigrants significantly affect the aggregate low-income rate?- Do most spells of low income become long-term, and among which groups is persistent low income concentrated?

    The paper uses the results from a number of papers to address these questions.

    Release date: 2005-02-10
  • 29. Electronic commerce and Internet use increasing Archived
    Articles and reports: 88-003-X20050017766
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    In 2003 more Canadian households were paying for their goods and services online. Access is critical and households with a high-speed connection were more likely to be electronic commerce households. This article presents data from the Household Internet Use Survey 2003.

    Release date: 2005-02-09
  • 30. The Ins and Outs of Poverty in Advanced Economies: Poverty Dynamics in Canada, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Archived
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2005001
    Description:

    Comparative analysis of poverty dynamics incidence - transitions, and persistence - can yield important insights about the nature of poverty and the effectiveness of alternative policy responses. This manuscript compares poverty dynamics in four advanced industrial countries (Canada, unified Germany, Great Britain, and the United States) for overlapping six-year periods in the 1990s. The data indicate that poverty persistence is higher in North America than in Europe; for example, despite high incidence, poverty in Great Britain is relatively transitory. Most poverty transitions, and the prevalence of chronic poverty, are associated with employment instability and family dissolution in all four countries. The results also suggest that differences in social policy are crucial for the observed differences in poverty incidence and persistence between Europe and North America.

    Release date: 2005-01-31
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