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- 1. Changes in job tenure ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960042924Geography: CanadaDescription:
While average job tenure has changed little since 1981, there has been an increased polarization between short- and long-term jobs throughout the economy. This study estimates the average length of a new job between 1981 and 1994, as well as the probability that new jobs of a certain length will continue. Analysis is by sex, age, region, educational attainment and industry. (Adapted from an article in Canadian Economic Observer, January 1996.)
Release date: 1996-12-03 - 2. Dementia among seniors ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19960022826Geography: CanadaDescription:
The prevalence of dementia increases sharply in old age and is higher among women than men. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, affects a greater proportion of women. On average, the number of years lived with dementia is longer for women, and women with dementia are more likely to be living in institutions than men with the condition. This article examines age-standardized rates of dementia among men and women aged 65 and over. The data are from the 1991 Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a joint effort of the Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine at the University of Ottawa and the federal government's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control. Life expectancy estimates from Statistics Canada were combined with CSHA data to estimate the average proportions of life that are lived with and without dementia, in the community and in institutions.
Release date: 1996-11-18 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996095Geography: CanadaDescription:
Using monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey the author investigates changes in the complete lengths of new job spells from 1981 through 1994. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, changes in the distribution of complete job lengths suggest that there is an increase in the proportion of short-term jobs and a decrease in the proportion of medium term jobs created over the period. The proportion of long-term jobs remained unchanged. This pattern of change was found among all virtually all demographic subgroups examined suggesting that an economy wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.
Release date: 1996-11-07 - 4. Unemployment in the Stock and Flow ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1997097Geography: CanadaDescription:
A framework for the dynamic analysis of unemployment is presented, and applied to Canadian and U.S. data. The focus of the analysis is upon the distinctionbetween being unemployed and becoming unemployed, that is, between the stock and the flow of unemployment. The share of a particular group in the stock ofunemployed will differ from its share in the flow into unemployment to the extent that the average duration of unemployment for the group differs from the economywide average. An analysis of Canadian and U.S. data leads to a series of stylized facts that permit a deeper understanding of unemployment in the two countries, andof the differences between them. Significant differences in the average duration of unemployment imply that stock shares are not good indicators of flow shares,changes in the stock share of some groups are due to changes in the flow share, while for others they are due to changes in the length of unemployment spells.Explanations of the Canada - U.S. unemployment rate gap should try to accommodate at least three facts uncovered by the analysis: (1) that employer initiatedpermanent separations are the primary means of entry into unemployment in Canada, while labour force entry plays a more important role in the US; (2)unemployment spells are significantly longer in Canada than in the U.S. because of longer spells for most groups regardless of reason for unemployment, not becauseof a compositional difference in the make up of the unemployed; and (3) that longer spell duration and a higher incidence of unemployment contribute about equallyto the trend increase in the Canada - U.S. unemployment differential during the 1980s.
Release date: 1996-09-30 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X199600114390Description:
Data are often available only as a set of group or area means. However, it is well known that statistical analysis based on such data will often produce results very different from those obtained from analysing the corresponding individual or household data. If the results of area level analyses are thought to apply to the individual level then we risk committing the ecological fallacy. Aggregation or ecological effects arise in part because geographic areas are not comprised of random groupings of people or households but exhibit strong socio-economic differences between areas. The population structure must be incorporated into the statistical model underpinning the analysis if aggregation effects are to be understood. A simple general model is proposed to achieve this and the consequences of the model and its implications for the estimation of population means and covariance matrices are obtained. Furthermore, methods are suggested which can provide unbiased estimates of individual level parameters from aggregated data and so avoid the ecological fallacy. These methods rely on identifying the “grouping variables” that characterise the process that led to the population structure, or at least characterise the area differences. An estimate of the unit level covariance matrix of the grouping variables is required from some source. Data from the 1991 Census of the United Kingdom have been analysed to identify the important grouping variables and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed adjustment methods for the estimation of covariance matrices and correlation coefficients. These results lead to a suggested strategy for the analysis of aggregated data.
Release date: 1996-06-14 - 6. International survey on adult literacy ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960022886Geography: CanadaDescription:
The International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) measured the variation in basic literacy skills of adults in seven industrialized nations. This note outlines the aims and methodology of the landmark study and provides a snapshot of results for people in Canada, the United States and Germany.
Release date: 1996-06-05 - 7. A healthy outlook ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19950042817Geography: CanadaDescription:
The sense of coherence a healthy outlook can be thought of as a mesure of positive health, that is, a factor promoting resilience which enables and individual to remain healthy. Based on National Population Health Survey (NPHS) data, three health measures were analyzed in relation to sense of coherence. The sense of coherence accounted for a substancial proportion of the total variance for two of the three measures. Theoretically, people with a healthy outlook are more able to cope successfully with trauma and stress. According to NPHS data, on average, those who reported at least one traumatic event had a lower sense of coherence than those who did not. For people who experienced trauma during childhood and young adulthood, yet had strong sense of coherence, the impact of that trauma on their health was diminished.
Release date: 1996-04-02 - 8. Project on Matching Census 1986 Database and Manitoba Health Care Files: Private Households Component ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1996091Geography: Province or territoryDescription:
Introduction: In the current economic context, all partners in health care delivery systems, be they public or private, are obliged to identify the factors that influence the utilization of health care services. To improve our understanding of the phenomena that underlie these relationships, Statistics Canada and the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation have just set up a new database. For a representative sample of the population of the province of Manitoba, cross-sectional microdata on individuals' health and socio-economic characteristics were linked with detailed longitudinal data on utilization of health care services.
Data and methods: The 1986-87 Health and Activity Limitation Survey, the 1986 Census and the files of Manitoba Health were matched (without using names or addresses) by means of the CANLINK software. In the pilot project, 20,000 units were selected from the Census according to modern sampling techniques. Before the files were matched, consultations were held and an agreement was signed by all parties in order to establish a framework for protecting privacy and preserving the confidentiality of the data.
Results: A matching rate of 74% was obtained for private households. A quality evaluation based on the comparisons of names and addresses over a small subsample established that the overall concordance rate among matched pairs was 95.5%. The match rates and concordance rates varied according to age and household composition. Estimates produced from the sample accurately reflected the socio-demographic profile, mortality, hospitalization rate, health care costs and consumption of health care by Manitoba residents.
Discussion: The matching rate of 74% was satisfactory in comparison with the response rates reported in most population surveys. Because of the excellent concordance rate and the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the sample, this database will provide an adequate basis for studying the association between socio-demographic characteristics, health and health care utilization in province of Manitoba.
Release date: 1996-03-30 - 9. The elimination of disease: A mixed blessing ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19950032449Geography: CanadaDescription:
The increase in life expectancy that would result from the elimination of certain diseases and the resulting change in hospital utilization vary, depending on the disease. In some cases, life expectancy would rise and total days spent in hospital would decline, while in others, the gain in life expectancy would be accompanied by a increase in hospital days. For instance, if mental health disorders were eliminated, the increase in life expectancy at age 45 would be minimal: from 34.9 to 35.3 years, but time spent in hospital would decline from 168 to 151 days. By contrast, if diseases of the circulatory system were eliminated, life expectancy at age 45 would rise from 34.9 to 41.6 years, but time spent in hospital would also rise: from 168 to 290 days. Elimination of not only mental illnesses but also injuries and poisoning and diseases of the nervous system has the potential of both increasing life expectancy and reducing hospital use.
Release date: 1996-02-09 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996089Geography: CanadaDescription:
In this paper we use administrative data associated with the tax system to: (1) document the extent of intergenerational income mobility among Canadian men; and (2) estimate the income disadvantage (in adulthood) of being raised in a low income household. We find that there is considerable intergenerational income mobility in Canada among middle income earners, but that the inheritance of economic status is significant at both the very top and very bottom of the income distribution. About one-third of those in the bottom quartile were raised by fathers who occupied the same position in the income distribution. In fact, the income advantage of someone who had a father in the top decile over someone who had a father in the bottom decile is in the order of 40%. We also discuss some of the policy implications of these findings, as well as some of their limitations and the directions implied for future research.
Release date: 1996-01-24
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Articles and reports (10)
Articles and reports (10) ((10 results))
- 1. Changes in job tenure ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960042924Geography: CanadaDescription:
While average job tenure has changed little since 1981, there has been an increased polarization between short- and long-term jobs throughout the economy. This study estimates the average length of a new job between 1981 and 1994, as well as the probability that new jobs of a certain length will continue. Analysis is by sex, age, region, educational attainment and industry. (Adapted from an article in Canadian Economic Observer, January 1996.)
Release date: 1996-12-03 - 2. Dementia among seniors ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19960022826Geography: CanadaDescription:
The prevalence of dementia increases sharply in old age and is higher among women than men. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, affects a greater proportion of women. On average, the number of years lived with dementia is longer for women, and women with dementia are more likely to be living in institutions than men with the condition. This article examines age-standardized rates of dementia among men and women aged 65 and over. The data are from the 1991 Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a joint effort of the Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine at the University of Ottawa and the federal government's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control. Life expectancy estimates from Statistics Canada were combined with CSHA data to estimate the average proportions of life that are lived with and without dementia, in the community and in institutions.
Release date: 1996-11-18 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996095Geography: CanadaDescription:
Using monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey the author investigates changes in the complete lengths of new job spells from 1981 through 1994. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, changes in the distribution of complete job lengths suggest that there is an increase in the proportion of short-term jobs and a decrease in the proportion of medium term jobs created over the period. The proportion of long-term jobs remained unchanged. This pattern of change was found among all virtually all demographic subgroups examined suggesting that an economy wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.
Release date: 1996-11-07 - 4. Unemployment in the Stock and Flow ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1997097Geography: CanadaDescription:
A framework for the dynamic analysis of unemployment is presented, and applied to Canadian and U.S. data. The focus of the analysis is upon the distinctionbetween being unemployed and becoming unemployed, that is, between the stock and the flow of unemployment. The share of a particular group in the stock ofunemployed will differ from its share in the flow into unemployment to the extent that the average duration of unemployment for the group differs from the economywide average. An analysis of Canadian and U.S. data leads to a series of stylized facts that permit a deeper understanding of unemployment in the two countries, andof the differences between them. Significant differences in the average duration of unemployment imply that stock shares are not good indicators of flow shares,changes in the stock share of some groups are due to changes in the flow share, while for others they are due to changes in the length of unemployment spells.Explanations of the Canada - U.S. unemployment rate gap should try to accommodate at least three facts uncovered by the analysis: (1) that employer initiatedpermanent separations are the primary means of entry into unemployment in Canada, while labour force entry plays a more important role in the US; (2)unemployment spells are significantly longer in Canada than in the U.S. because of longer spells for most groups regardless of reason for unemployment, not becauseof a compositional difference in the make up of the unemployed; and (3) that longer spell duration and a higher incidence of unemployment contribute about equallyto the trend increase in the Canada - U.S. unemployment differential during the 1980s.
Release date: 1996-09-30 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X199600114390Description:
Data are often available only as a set of group or area means. However, it is well known that statistical analysis based on such data will often produce results very different from those obtained from analysing the corresponding individual or household data. If the results of area level analyses are thought to apply to the individual level then we risk committing the ecological fallacy. Aggregation or ecological effects arise in part because geographic areas are not comprised of random groupings of people or households but exhibit strong socio-economic differences between areas. The population structure must be incorporated into the statistical model underpinning the analysis if aggregation effects are to be understood. A simple general model is proposed to achieve this and the consequences of the model and its implications for the estimation of population means and covariance matrices are obtained. Furthermore, methods are suggested which can provide unbiased estimates of individual level parameters from aggregated data and so avoid the ecological fallacy. These methods rely on identifying the “grouping variables” that characterise the process that led to the population structure, or at least characterise the area differences. An estimate of the unit level covariance matrix of the grouping variables is required from some source. Data from the 1991 Census of the United Kingdom have been analysed to identify the important grouping variables and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed adjustment methods for the estimation of covariance matrices and correlation coefficients. These results lead to a suggested strategy for the analysis of aggregated data.
Release date: 1996-06-14 - 6. International survey on adult literacy ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960022886Geography: CanadaDescription:
The International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) measured the variation in basic literacy skills of adults in seven industrialized nations. This note outlines the aims and methodology of the landmark study and provides a snapshot of results for people in Canada, the United States and Germany.
Release date: 1996-06-05 - 7. A healthy outlook ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19950042817Geography: CanadaDescription:
The sense of coherence a healthy outlook can be thought of as a mesure of positive health, that is, a factor promoting resilience which enables and individual to remain healthy. Based on National Population Health Survey (NPHS) data, three health measures were analyzed in relation to sense of coherence. The sense of coherence accounted for a substancial proportion of the total variance for two of the three measures. Theoretically, people with a healthy outlook are more able to cope successfully with trauma and stress. According to NPHS data, on average, those who reported at least one traumatic event had a lower sense of coherence than those who did not. For people who experienced trauma during childhood and young adulthood, yet had strong sense of coherence, the impact of that trauma on their health was diminished.
Release date: 1996-04-02 - 8. Project on Matching Census 1986 Database and Manitoba Health Care Files: Private Households Component ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1996091Geography: Province or territoryDescription:
Introduction: In the current economic context, all partners in health care delivery systems, be they public or private, are obliged to identify the factors that influence the utilization of health care services. To improve our understanding of the phenomena that underlie these relationships, Statistics Canada and the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation have just set up a new database. For a representative sample of the population of the province of Manitoba, cross-sectional microdata on individuals' health and socio-economic characteristics were linked with detailed longitudinal data on utilization of health care services.
Data and methods: The 1986-87 Health and Activity Limitation Survey, the 1986 Census and the files of Manitoba Health were matched (without using names or addresses) by means of the CANLINK software. In the pilot project, 20,000 units were selected from the Census according to modern sampling techniques. Before the files were matched, consultations were held and an agreement was signed by all parties in order to establish a framework for protecting privacy and preserving the confidentiality of the data.
Results: A matching rate of 74% was obtained for private households. A quality evaluation based on the comparisons of names and addresses over a small subsample established that the overall concordance rate among matched pairs was 95.5%. The match rates and concordance rates varied according to age and household composition. Estimates produced from the sample accurately reflected the socio-demographic profile, mortality, hospitalization rate, health care costs and consumption of health care by Manitoba residents.
Discussion: The matching rate of 74% was satisfactory in comparison with the response rates reported in most population surveys. Because of the excellent concordance rate and the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the sample, this database will provide an adequate basis for studying the association between socio-demographic characteristics, health and health care utilization in province of Manitoba.
Release date: 1996-03-30 - 9. The elimination of disease: A mixed blessing ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19950032449Geography: CanadaDescription:
The increase in life expectancy that would result from the elimination of certain diseases and the resulting change in hospital utilization vary, depending on the disease. In some cases, life expectancy would rise and total days spent in hospital would decline, while in others, the gain in life expectancy would be accompanied by a increase in hospital days. For instance, if mental health disorders were eliminated, the increase in life expectancy at age 45 would be minimal: from 34.9 to 35.3 years, but time spent in hospital would decline from 168 to 151 days. By contrast, if diseases of the circulatory system were eliminated, life expectancy at age 45 would rise from 34.9 to 41.6 years, but time spent in hospital would also rise: from 168 to 290 days. Elimination of not only mental illnesses but also injuries and poisoning and diseases of the nervous system has the potential of both increasing life expectancy and reducing hospital use.
Release date: 1996-02-09 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996089Geography: CanadaDescription:
In this paper we use administrative data associated with the tax system to: (1) document the extent of intergenerational income mobility among Canadian men; and (2) estimate the income disadvantage (in adulthood) of being raised in a low income household. We find that there is considerable intergenerational income mobility in Canada among middle income earners, but that the inheritance of economic status is significant at both the very top and very bottom of the income distribution. About one-third of those in the bottom quartile were raised by fathers who occupied the same position in the income distribution. In fact, the income advantage of someone who had a father in the top decile over someone who had a father in the bottom decile is in the order of 40%. We also discuss some of the policy implications of these findings, as well as some of their limitations and the directions implied for future research.
Release date: 1996-01-24
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