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- 1. A balanced sampling approach for multi-way stratification designs for small area estimation ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X200800210763Description:
The present work illustrates a sampling strategy useful for obtaining planned sample size for domains belonging to different partitions of the population and in order to guarantee the sampling errors of domain estimates be lower than given thresholds. The sampling strategy that covers the multivariate multi-domain case is useful when the overall sample size is bounded and consequently the standard solution of using a stratified sample with the strata given by cross-classification of variables defining the different partitions is not feasible since the number of strata is larger than the overall sample size. The proposed sampling strategy is based on the use of balanced sampling selection technique and on a GREG-type estimation. The main advantages of the solution is the computational feasibility which allows one to easily implement an overall small area strategy considering jointly the sampling design and the estimator and improving the efficiency of the direct domain estimators. An empirical simulation on real population data and different domain estimators shows the empirical properties of the examined sample strategy.
Release date: 2008-12-23 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008311Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the variability of workers' earnings in Canada over the 1982-to-2000 period by a graphical descriptive approach using the Longitudinal Administrative Data base file. Following Gottschalk and Moffitt (1994), we decompose the total variance of workers' earnings into a 'permanent' or long-run component between workers and a 'transitory' or year-to-year earnings instability component over time for given workers. The decomposition is applied to a five-year moving window. Several results are found. First, the general rise in total earnings variance over the period reflects quite different patterns of change for its separate components. Long-run earnings inequality has generally increased over the period, while year-to-year earnings instability has pretty steadily decreased. Changes in the total earnings variability have been driven primarily by changes in long-run earnings inequality. Second, the patterns of change in the two variance components showed substantial differences between men and women. Since the early 1990s, long-run earnings inequality continued to rise for men, but it markedly decreased for women. Since the late 1980s, earnings instability fell quite steadily for women, but it showed a more cyclical pattern for men. Third, the patterns across ages of the two variance components are almost opposite. Long-run earnings inequality generally rises with age, so it is markedly highest among older-age workers. Earnings instability, in contrast, generally declines with age, so it is markedly highest among entry-age workers.
Release date: 2008-12-18 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X200800410747Geography: CanadaDescription:
A selective approach may be used in an ecological study where the aim is to choose a subset of units of analysis (UAs) and produce interpretations about a population of interest (PI) based solely on those UAs. The results for the PI will be reliable if that population is concentrated in the selected UAs and rare in other UAs. This article presents a graphical tool that helps determine whether these conditions are satisfied.
Release date: 2008-12-17 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008317Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study estimates the effect of an additional year of schooling (Grade 10) on academic performance, with the particular aim of understanding the role of schooling in shaping the gender and income divides in academic performance. To identify the returns to schooling, the study takes advantage of a setting whereby standardized tests were administered to large samples of students of very close age, but who were in different school grades as a result of school-entry laws, thus creating a sharp discontinuity in school grades. The findings suggest that one additional year of high school (Grade 10) is associated with a large improvement in overall reading and mathematics performance, and that it had a smaller improvement in science performance. However, the improvements are not equally distributed: mathematics scores improve more for boys than for girls, and reading and science scores improve more for lower than for higher income youth. Most importantly, we find no evidence that girls or higher income youth benefit more from an additional year of high school in any test area. These findings suggest that the key to understanding the weaker academic performance of boys and lower income youth may lie in earlier school years, the home or at birth.
Release date: 2008-11-07 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X200800310679Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article presents rates of participation in organized extracurricular activities by Canadian children and youth aged 6 to 17 years, and examines how these rates vary by socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. The data are from cycle 4 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (2000/2001).
Release date: 2008-09-17 - Articles and reports: 85-561-M2008013Geography: CanadaDescription:
The purpose of this research paper was to examine whether the chances of experiencing fear of crime varied across Canadian urban neighbourhoods, and whether factors associated with individuals and their neighbourhoods explained this variation. In addition, the study aimed to understand how Canadians' perceptions of neighbourhood crime and disorder influenced their chances of experiencing fear. Analyses were based on data from the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS) on Victimization and the 2001 Census. Multilevel regression modelling techniques were employed in order to address the statistical complications that arise when individuals are clustered within larger units such as neighbourhoods. The results showed that while the characteristics and perceptions of individuals were most important in explaining differences in fear among urban Canadians; a statistically significant portion of the variation in fear was attributable to the neighbourhood environment.
Release date: 2008-07-30 - Articles and reports: 89-628-X2008007Geography: CanadaDescription:
This report examines the labour force experience of people with disabilities in Canada for 2006 and makes comparisons with comparable 2001 data as well as the non-disabled population. This report also explores workplace accommodations, barriers to employment and discrimination for people with disabilities.
Release date: 2008-07-24 - 8. Small area estimation under a restriction ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X200800110619Description:
Small area prediction based on random effects, called EBLUP, is a procedure for constructing estimates for small geographical areas or small subpopulations using existing survey data. The total of the small area predictors is often forced to equal the direct survey estimate and such predictors are said to be calibrated. Several calibrated predictors are reviewed and a criterion that unifies the derivation of these calibrated predictors is presented. The predictor that is the unique best linear unbiased predictor under the criterion is derived and the mean square error of the calibrated predictors is discussed. Implicit in the imposition of the restriction is the possibility that the small area model is misspecified and the predictors are biased. Augmented models with one additional explanatory variable for which the usual small area predictors achieve the self-calibrated property are considered. Simulations demonstrate that calibrated predictors have slightly smaller bias compared to those of the usual EBLUP predictor. However, if the bias is a concern, a better approach is to use an augmented model with an added auxiliary variable that is a function of area size. In the simulation, the predictors based on the augmented model had smaller MSE than EBLUP when the incorrect model was used for prediction. Furthermore, there was a very small increase in MSE relative to EBLUP if the auxiliary variable was added to the correct model.
Release date: 2008-06-26 - Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800210623Geography: CanadaDescription: This study compares businesses' greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction activities and expenditures by establishment size using data from the Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures.Release date: 2008-06-25
- 10. Inuit Children's Leisure Time Activities: Report ArchivedArticles and reports: 89-627-X2008004Geography: CanadaDescription:
This is the second report in the series using information from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS). The purpose of this report is to provide information on the leisure time activities of Inuit children (ages 4 to 14). Specific activities include: sport participation, art or music activities, clubs or groups, cultural activities, time spent with elders, and sedentary activities. Results are presented for all Inuit children and specifically for those in the four Inuit land claim settlement regions in the Arctic: Nunatsiavut in northern Labrador, the territory of Nunavut, Nunavik in northern Quebec, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories. Where possible, results for Inuit children are compared to those of all Canadian children.
Release date: 2008-06-20
Stats in brief (1)
Stats in brief (1) ((1 result))
- Stats in brief: 89-627-X2008005Geography: CanadaDescription:
This is the third fact sheet in the series using information from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS). The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide information on the leisure time activities of Inuit children (ages 4 to 14). Specific activities include: sport participation, art or music activities, clubs or groups, cultural activities, time spent with elders, and sedentary activities. Results are presented for all Inuit children and specifically for those in the four Inuit land claim settlement regions in the Arctic: Nunatsiavut in northern Labrador, the territory of Nunavut, Nunavik in northern Quebec, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories. Where possible, results for Inuit children are compared to those of all Canadian children.
Release date: 2008-06-20
Articles and reports (25)
Articles and reports (25) (0 to 10 of 25 results)
- 1. A balanced sampling approach for multi-way stratification designs for small area estimation ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X200800210763Description:
The present work illustrates a sampling strategy useful for obtaining planned sample size for domains belonging to different partitions of the population and in order to guarantee the sampling errors of domain estimates be lower than given thresholds. The sampling strategy that covers the multivariate multi-domain case is useful when the overall sample size is bounded and consequently the standard solution of using a stratified sample with the strata given by cross-classification of variables defining the different partitions is not feasible since the number of strata is larger than the overall sample size. The proposed sampling strategy is based on the use of balanced sampling selection technique and on a GREG-type estimation. The main advantages of the solution is the computational feasibility which allows one to easily implement an overall small area strategy considering jointly the sampling design and the estimator and improving the efficiency of the direct domain estimators. An empirical simulation on real population data and different domain estimators shows the empirical properties of the examined sample strategy.
Release date: 2008-12-23 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008311Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the variability of workers' earnings in Canada over the 1982-to-2000 period by a graphical descriptive approach using the Longitudinal Administrative Data base file. Following Gottschalk and Moffitt (1994), we decompose the total variance of workers' earnings into a 'permanent' or long-run component between workers and a 'transitory' or year-to-year earnings instability component over time for given workers. The decomposition is applied to a five-year moving window. Several results are found. First, the general rise in total earnings variance over the period reflects quite different patterns of change for its separate components. Long-run earnings inequality has generally increased over the period, while year-to-year earnings instability has pretty steadily decreased. Changes in the total earnings variability have been driven primarily by changes in long-run earnings inequality. Second, the patterns of change in the two variance components showed substantial differences between men and women. Since the early 1990s, long-run earnings inequality continued to rise for men, but it markedly decreased for women. Since the late 1980s, earnings instability fell quite steadily for women, but it showed a more cyclical pattern for men. Third, the patterns across ages of the two variance components are almost opposite. Long-run earnings inequality generally rises with age, so it is markedly highest among older-age workers. Earnings instability, in contrast, generally declines with age, so it is markedly highest among entry-age workers.
Release date: 2008-12-18 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X200800410747Geography: CanadaDescription:
A selective approach may be used in an ecological study where the aim is to choose a subset of units of analysis (UAs) and produce interpretations about a population of interest (PI) based solely on those UAs. The results for the PI will be reliable if that population is concentrated in the selected UAs and rare in other UAs. This article presents a graphical tool that helps determine whether these conditions are satisfied.
Release date: 2008-12-17 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008317Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study estimates the effect of an additional year of schooling (Grade 10) on academic performance, with the particular aim of understanding the role of schooling in shaping the gender and income divides in academic performance. To identify the returns to schooling, the study takes advantage of a setting whereby standardized tests were administered to large samples of students of very close age, but who were in different school grades as a result of school-entry laws, thus creating a sharp discontinuity in school grades. The findings suggest that one additional year of high school (Grade 10) is associated with a large improvement in overall reading and mathematics performance, and that it had a smaller improvement in science performance. However, the improvements are not equally distributed: mathematics scores improve more for boys than for girls, and reading and science scores improve more for lower than for higher income youth. Most importantly, we find no evidence that girls or higher income youth benefit more from an additional year of high school in any test area. These findings suggest that the key to understanding the weaker academic performance of boys and lower income youth may lie in earlier school years, the home or at birth.
Release date: 2008-11-07 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X200800310679Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article presents rates of participation in organized extracurricular activities by Canadian children and youth aged 6 to 17 years, and examines how these rates vary by socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. The data are from cycle 4 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (2000/2001).
Release date: 2008-09-17 - Articles and reports: 85-561-M2008013Geography: CanadaDescription:
The purpose of this research paper was to examine whether the chances of experiencing fear of crime varied across Canadian urban neighbourhoods, and whether factors associated with individuals and their neighbourhoods explained this variation. In addition, the study aimed to understand how Canadians' perceptions of neighbourhood crime and disorder influenced their chances of experiencing fear. Analyses were based on data from the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS) on Victimization and the 2001 Census. Multilevel regression modelling techniques were employed in order to address the statistical complications that arise when individuals are clustered within larger units such as neighbourhoods. The results showed that while the characteristics and perceptions of individuals were most important in explaining differences in fear among urban Canadians; a statistically significant portion of the variation in fear was attributable to the neighbourhood environment.
Release date: 2008-07-30 - Articles and reports: 89-628-X2008007Geography: CanadaDescription:
This report examines the labour force experience of people with disabilities in Canada for 2006 and makes comparisons with comparable 2001 data as well as the non-disabled population. This report also explores workplace accommodations, barriers to employment and discrimination for people with disabilities.
Release date: 2008-07-24 - 8. Small area estimation under a restriction ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X200800110619Description:
Small area prediction based on random effects, called EBLUP, is a procedure for constructing estimates for small geographical areas or small subpopulations using existing survey data. The total of the small area predictors is often forced to equal the direct survey estimate and such predictors are said to be calibrated. Several calibrated predictors are reviewed and a criterion that unifies the derivation of these calibrated predictors is presented. The predictor that is the unique best linear unbiased predictor under the criterion is derived and the mean square error of the calibrated predictors is discussed. Implicit in the imposition of the restriction is the possibility that the small area model is misspecified and the predictors are biased. Augmented models with one additional explanatory variable for which the usual small area predictors achieve the self-calibrated property are considered. Simulations demonstrate that calibrated predictors have slightly smaller bias compared to those of the usual EBLUP predictor. However, if the bias is a concern, a better approach is to use an augmented model with an added auxiliary variable that is a function of area size. In the simulation, the predictors based on the augmented model had smaller MSE than EBLUP when the incorrect model was used for prediction. Furthermore, there was a very small increase in MSE relative to EBLUP if the auxiliary variable was added to the correct model.
Release date: 2008-06-26 - Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800210623Geography: CanadaDescription: This study compares businesses' greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction activities and expenditures by establishment size using data from the Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures.Release date: 2008-06-25
- 10. Inuit Children's Leisure Time Activities: Report ArchivedArticles and reports: 89-627-X2008004Geography: CanadaDescription:
This is the second report in the series using information from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS). The purpose of this report is to provide information on the leisure time activities of Inuit children (ages 4 to 14). Specific activities include: sport participation, art or music activities, clubs or groups, cultural activities, time spent with elders, and sedentary activities. Results are presented for all Inuit children and specifically for those in the four Inuit land claim settlement regions in the Arctic: Nunatsiavut in northern Labrador, the territory of Nunavut, Nunavik in northern Quebec, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories. Where possible, results for Inuit children are compared to those of all Canadian children.
Release date: 2008-06-20
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