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- Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029549Description:
In this article, we propose a Bernoulli-type bootstrap method that can easily handle multi-stage stratified designs where sampling fractions are large, provided simple random sampling without replacement is used at each stage. The method provides a set of replicate weights which yield consistent variance estimates for both smooth and non-smooth estimators. The method's strength is in its simplicity. It can easily be extended to any number of stages without much complication. The main idea is to either keep or replace a sampling unit at each stage with preassigned probabilities, to construct the bootstrap sample. A limited simulation study is presented to evaluate performance and, as an illustration, we apply the method to the 1997 Japanese National Survey of Prices.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029553Description:
Félix-Medina and Thompson (2004) proposed a variant of Link-tracing sampling in which it is assumed that a portion of the population, not necessarily the major portion, is covered by a frame of disjoint sites where members of the population can be found with high probabilities. A sample of sites is selected and the people in each of the selected sites are asked to nominate other members of the population. They proposed maximum likelihood estimators of the population sizes which perform acceptably provided that for each site the probability that a member is nominated by that site, called the nomination probability, is not small. In this research we consider Félix-Medina and Thompson's variant and propose three sets of estimators of the population sizes derived under the Bayesian approach. Two of the sets of estimators were obtained using improper prior distributions of the population sizes, and the other using Poisson prior distributions. However, we use the Bayesian approach only to assist us in the construction of estimators, while inferences about the population sizes are made under the frequentist approach. We propose two types of partly design-based variance estimators and confidence intervals. One of them is obtained using a bootstrap and the other using the delta method along with the assumption of asymptotic normality. The results of a simulation study indicate that (i) when the nomination probabilities are not small each of the proposed sets of estimators performs well and very similarly to maximum likelihood estimators; (ii) when the nomination probabilities are small the set of estimators derived using Poisson prior distributions still performs acceptably and does not have the problems of bias that maximum likelihood estimators have, and (iii) the previous results do not depend on the size of the fraction of the population covered by the frame.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006288Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper exploits the unique strengths of the tax-based Longitudinal Administrative Database to measure the flows of Canadians to other countries and the patterns of return over the period from 1982 to 2003. Overall, approximately 0.1% (i.e., one tenth of 1%) of the adult population leaves the country in any given year. Departure rates have generally moved with the state of the Canadian economy, but the trends have clearly been driven by more than this: declining in the 1980s as the economy was going well; turning up towards the end of the decade, but before the economy began to stall in 1989; rising through the early part of the 1990s as the economy was mired in a deep recession, but then continuing to rise through 1997, by which time a strong recovery was underway; and then declining sharply since 2000-thus stemming what many had thought was an inexorable upwards trend-when economic factors were fairly stable. Departure rates decline with age (except for the youngest group); are lower for couples without children than other family types; are high for those in British Columbia, quite low for Francophone Quebecers, and very high for Anglophones in that province; are somewhat lower for those on Employment Insurance (formerly Unemployment Insurance) and substantially higher for those at higher-income levels; and are very much higher for recent immigrants. Departure rates for those at higher-income levels shifted upwards in the 1990s, but returned to pre-1990s rates in more recent years in the case of men, while the shift was maintained for women. Only a minority of those who leave ever return: about 15% within 5 years of their departure. Return rates have, however, increased significantly since 2000-mirroring to a large extent what was happening on the departure side.
Release date: 2006-11-17 - Articles and reports: 82-618-M2006005Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article examines changes in weight over two-year intervals from 1996/1997 to 2004/2005 among Canadians aged 18 to 64 years. Using data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS), average weight change over four two-year intervals was examined for men and women by age group and body mass index (BMI) group. This article is part of the NPHS release and provides links to tables, other research articles and information about the National Population Health Survey.
Release date: 2006-11-06 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006284Geography: CanadaDescription:
The present review provides a description of various Canadian national survey data sets that could be used to examine issues related to child care use. National data sets dealing with patterns of employment, time use, family earnings, social support, and child, adolescent, or adult health measures were included. We conclude that numerous questions remain unanswered in terms of addressing the relationship between patterns of employment, use of child care, family roles and responsibilities, and associations with the health of families. Recommendations are made about information that has not been collected but may prove to be useful in addressing these issues. Moreover, we conclude that existing Canadian national survey data could be used to address several issues related to patterns of care use as well as the impact on children and families.
Release date: 2006-06-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006275Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study assesses the effects of literacy and numeracy skills on the labour market outcomes of Canadian high school drop-outs. We find that these skills have significant effects on the probability of being employed and on hours and weeks of work for both men and women, and also have strong (direct) influences on men's, but not women's, incomes. These findings imply that high school curricula that develop literacy and numeracy skills could provide significant returns even for those who do not complete their programs and wind up at the lower end of the labour market. Our findings similarly suggest that training programs catering to drop-outs could substantially improve these individuals' labour market outcomes by developing these basic skills. The results also have implications for dual labour market theory, since it is often assumed that the secondary market is characterized by minimal returns to human capital'contrary to what is found here.
Release date: 2006-03-27 - 7. Recent changes in employment by industry ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610113155Geography: CanadaDescription:
Over the last three years, low interest rates have spurred a surge in home construction, and strong world demand has stimulated natural resource industries. At the same time, a soaring loonie has created challenges for Canadian manufacturing. This article examines these three industries, looking at the labour market impact in the resource-rich western provinces and the large manufacturing base in central Canada.
Release date: 2006-03-20 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006274Geography: CanadaDescription:
We present new evidence on levels and trends in after-tax income inequality in Canada between 1980 and 2000. We argue that existing data sources may miss changes in the tails of the income distribution, and that much of the changes in the income distribution have been in the tails. Our data are constructed from Census files, which are augmented with predicted taxes based on information available from administrative tax data. After validating our approach in predicting taxes on the Census files, we document differences in the levels and trends in after-tax inequality between the newly constructed data source and the more commonly used survey data. We find that after-tax inequality levels are substantially higher based on the new data, primarily because income levels are lower at the bottom than in survey data. The new data show larger long-term increases in after-tax income inequality and far more variability over the economic cycle. This raises interesting questions about the role of the tax and transfer system in mitigating both trends and fluctuations in market income inequality.
Release date: 2006-02-27 - 9. Hot deck imputation for the response model ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X20050029041Description:
Hot deck imputation is a procedure in which missing items are replaced with values from respondents. A model supporting such procedures is the model in which response probabilities are assumed equal within imputation cells. An efficient version of hot deck imputation is described for the cell response model and a computationally efficient variance estimator is given. An approximation to the fully efficient procedure in which a small number of values are imputed for each nonrespondent is described. Variance estimation procedures are illustrated in a Monte Carlo study.
Release date: 2006-02-17 - Journals and periodicals: 82-581-XDescription:
This report briefly describes over 100 long-term medical follow-up studies covering topics over the complete life cycle including most age groups and diseases. The research projects examine delayed health outcomes in relation to occupational, environmental, lifestyle, medical and socio-economic factors.
This inventory of projects carried out since 1978, searchable by themes, will aid in determining earlier research completed using record linkage plus national birth, cancer and death databases for Canada. It outlines the agencies involved, the main investigators at the time of the work, the size of the study population, and provides citations to published findings. This report will be useful for those who make or influence policies, regulations and medical guidelines, and carry out research that affects the health of the population at the industry, community, regional, national or international level.
Release date: 2006-02-14
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Articles and reports (11)
Articles and reports (11) (0 to 10 of 11 results)
- Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029549Description:
In this article, we propose a Bernoulli-type bootstrap method that can easily handle multi-stage stratified designs where sampling fractions are large, provided simple random sampling without replacement is used at each stage. The method provides a set of replicate weights which yield consistent variance estimates for both smooth and non-smooth estimators. The method's strength is in its simplicity. It can easily be extended to any number of stages without much complication. The main idea is to either keep or replace a sampling unit at each stage with preassigned probabilities, to construct the bootstrap sample. A limited simulation study is presented to evaluate performance and, as an illustration, we apply the method to the 1997 Japanese National Survey of Prices.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029553Description:
Félix-Medina and Thompson (2004) proposed a variant of Link-tracing sampling in which it is assumed that a portion of the population, not necessarily the major portion, is covered by a frame of disjoint sites where members of the population can be found with high probabilities. A sample of sites is selected and the people in each of the selected sites are asked to nominate other members of the population. They proposed maximum likelihood estimators of the population sizes which perform acceptably provided that for each site the probability that a member is nominated by that site, called the nomination probability, is not small. In this research we consider Félix-Medina and Thompson's variant and propose three sets of estimators of the population sizes derived under the Bayesian approach. Two of the sets of estimators were obtained using improper prior distributions of the population sizes, and the other using Poisson prior distributions. However, we use the Bayesian approach only to assist us in the construction of estimators, while inferences about the population sizes are made under the frequentist approach. We propose two types of partly design-based variance estimators and confidence intervals. One of them is obtained using a bootstrap and the other using the delta method along with the assumption of asymptotic normality. The results of a simulation study indicate that (i) when the nomination probabilities are not small each of the proposed sets of estimators performs well and very similarly to maximum likelihood estimators; (ii) when the nomination probabilities are small the set of estimators derived using Poisson prior distributions still performs acceptably and does not have the problems of bias that maximum likelihood estimators have, and (iii) the previous results do not depend on the size of the fraction of the population covered by the frame.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006288Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper exploits the unique strengths of the tax-based Longitudinal Administrative Database to measure the flows of Canadians to other countries and the patterns of return over the period from 1982 to 2003. Overall, approximately 0.1% (i.e., one tenth of 1%) of the adult population leaves the country in any given year. Departure rates have generally moved with the state of the Canadian economy, but the trends have clearly been driven by more than this: declining in the 1980s as the economy was going well; turning up towards the end of the decade, but before the economy began to stall in 1989; rising through the early part of the 1990s as the economy was mired in a deep recession, but then continuing to rise through 1997, by which time a strong recovery was underway; and then declining sharply since 2000-thus stemming what many had thought was an inexorable upwards trend-when economic factors were fairly stable. Departure rates decline with age (except for the youngest group); are lower for couples without children than other family types; are high for those in British Columbia, quite low for Francophone Quebecers, and very high for Anglophones in that province; are somewhat lower for those on Employment Insurance (formerly Unemployment Insurance) and substantially higher for those at higher-income levels; and are very much higher for recent immigrants. Departure rates for those at higher-income levels shifted upwards in the 1990s, but returned to pre-1990s rates in more recent years in the case of men, while the shift was maintained for women. Only a minority of those who leave ever return: about 15% within 5 years of their departure. Return rates have, however, increased significantly since 2000-mirroring to a large extent what was happening on the departure side.
Release date: 2006-11-17 - Articles and reports: 82-618-M2006005Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article examines changes in weight over two-year intervals from 1996/1997 to 2004/2005 among Canadians aged 18 to 64 years. Using data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS), average weight change over four two-year intervals was examined for men and women by age group and body mass index (BMI) group. This article is part of the NPHS release and provides links to tables, other research articles and information about the National Population Health Survey.
Release date: 2006-11-06 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006284Geography: CanadaDescription:
The present review provides a description of various Canadian national survey data sets that could be used to examine issues related to child care use. National data sets dealing with patterns of employment, time use, family earnings, social support, and child, adolescent, or adult health measures were included. We conclude that numerous questions remain unanswered in terms of addressing the relationship between patterns of employment, use of child care, family roles and responsibilities, and associations with the health of families. Recommendations are made about information that has not been collected but may prove to be useful in addressing these issues. Moreover, we conclude that existing Canadian national survey data could be used to address several issues related to patterns of care use as well as the impact on children and families.
Release date: 2006-06-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006275Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study assesses the effects of literacy and numeracy skills on the labour market outcomes of Canadian high school drop-outs. We find that these skills have significant effects on the probability of being employed and on hours and weeks of work for both men and women, and also have strong (direct) influences on men's, but not women's, incomes. These findings imply that high school curricula that develop literacy and numeracy skills could provide significant returns even for those who do not complete their programs and wind up at the lower end of the labour market. Our findings similarly suggest that training programs catering to drop-outs could substantially improve these individuals' labour market outcomes by developing these basic skills. The results also have implications for dual labour market theory, since it is often assumed that the secondary market is characterized by minimal returns to human capital'contrary to what is found here.
Release date: 2006-03-27 - 7. Recent changes in employment by industry ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610113155Geography: CanadaDescription:
Over the last three years, low interest rates have spurred a surge in home construction, and strong world demand has stimulated natural resource industries. At the same time, a soaring loonie has created challenges for Canadian manufacturing. This article examines these three industries, looking at the labour market impact in the resource-rich western provinces and the large manufacturing base in central Canada.
Release date: 2006-03-20 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006274Geography: CanadaDescription:
We present new evidence on levels and trends in after-tax income inequality in Canada between 1980 and 2000. We argue that existing data sources may miss changes in the tails of the income distribution, and that much of the changes in the income distribution have been in the tails. Our data are constructed from Census files, which are augmented with predicted taxes based on information available from administrative tax data. After validating our approach in predicting taxes on the Census files, we document differences in the levels and trends in after-tax inequality between the newly constructed data source and the more commonly used survey data. We find that after-tax inequality levels are substantially higher based on the new data, primarily because income levels are lower at the bottom than in survey data. The new data show larger long-term increases in after-tax income inequality and far more variability over the economic cycle. This raises interesting questions about the role of the tax and transfer system in mitigating both trends and fluctuations in market income inequality.
Release date: 2006-02-27 - 9. Hot deck imputation for the response model ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X20050029041Description:
Hot deck imputation is a procedure in which missing items are replaced with values from respondents. A model supporting such procedures is the model in which response probabilities are assumed equal within imputation cells. An efficient version of hot deck imputation is described for the cell response model and a computationally efficient variance estimator is given. An approximation to the fully efficient procedure in which a small number of values are imputed for each nonrespondent is described. Variance estimation procedures are illustrated in a Monte Carlo study.
Release date: 2006-02-17 - 10. The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions on the Instability and Long-Run Inequality of Workers' Earnings in Canada ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M2006268Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the variability of workers' earnings in Canada over the period 1982-1997 and how earnings variability has varied in terms of the unemployment rate and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth over this period. Using a large panel of tax file data, we decompose total variation in earnings across workers and time into a long-run inequality component between workers and an average earnings instability component over time for workers. The analysis is done for men and women and for both long-run participants and a broad coverage of workers. We find an increase in earnings variability between 1982-1989 and 1990-1997 that is largely confined to men and largely driven by widening long-run earnings inequality. Second, the pattern of unemployment rate and GDP growth rate effects on these variance components is not consistent with conventional explanations of cyclical effects on earnings inequality and is suggestive of an alternative paradigm of how economic growth over this period widens long-run earnings inequality. Third, when the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate effects are considered jointly, macroeconomic improvement is found to reduce the overall variability of earnings as the reduction in earnings instability outweighs the general widening of long-run earnings inequality.
Release date: 2006-02-07
Journals and periodicals (1)
Journals and periodicals (1) ((1 result))
- Journals and periodicals: 82-581-XDescription:
This report briefly describes over 100 long-term medical follow-up studies covering topics over the complete life cycle including most age groups and diseases. The research projects examine delayed health outcomes in relation to occupational, environmental, lifestyle, medical and socio-economic factors.
This inventory of projects carried out since 1978, searchable by themes, will aid in determining earlier research completed using record linkage plus national birth, cancer and death databases for Canada. It outlines the agencies involved, the main investigators at the time of the work, the size of the study population, and provides citations to published findings. This report will be useful for those who make or influence policies, regulations and medical guidelines, and carry out research that affects the health of the population at the industry, community, regional, national or international level.
Release date: 2006-02-14
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