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- 1. A model for estimating and imputing nonrespondent census households under sampling for nonresponse follow-up ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X20060019264Description:
Sampling for nonresponse follow-up (NRFU) was an innovation for U.S. Decennial Census methodology considered for the year 2000. Sampling for NRFU involves sending field enumerators to only a sample of the housing units that did not respond to the initial mailed questionnaire, thereby reducing costs but creating a major small-area estimation problem. We propose a model to impute the characteristics of the housing units that did not respond to the mailed questionnaire, to benefit from the large cost savings of NRFU sampling while still attaining acceptable levels of accuracy for small areas. Our strategy is to model household characteristics using low-dimensional covariates at detailed levels of geography and more detailed covariates at larger levels of geography. To do this, households are first classified into a small number of types. A hierarchical loglinear model then estimates the distribution of household types among the nonsample nonrespondent households in each block. This distribution depends on the characteristics of mailback respondents in the same block and sampled nonrespondents in nearby blocks. Nonsample nonrespondent households can then be imputed according to this estimated household type distribution. We evaluate the performance of our loglinear model through simulation. Results show that, when compared to estimates from alternative models, our loglinear model produces estimates with much smaller MSE in many cases and estimates with approximately the same size MSE in most other cases. Although sampling for NRFU was not used in the 2000 census, our estimation and imputation strategy can be used in any census or survey using sampling for NRFU where units are clustered such that the characteristics of nonrespondents are related to the characteristics of respondents in the same area and also related to the characteristics of sampled nonrespondents in nearby areas.
Release date: 2006-07-20 - 2. Does it pay to go back to school? ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610313159Geography: CanadaDescription:
As rapid technological change drives the growth of a knowledge-based economy and creates the need for new job-related skills, an aging population means that fewer new workers are available to meet these needs. As a result, adults are re-entering the educational system in increasing numbers, even though they are likely to face more challenges than regular students, in terms of balancing work, education, and family responsibilities. Going back to school is an investment that is expected to yield returns, but who actually benefits from adult schooling and by how much?
Release date: 2006-06-20 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X20050029195Geography: CanadaDescription:
As well as sub-zero temperatures and snowstorms, flu viruses arrive with the Canadian winter. Healthy people usually recover from the fever, cough, headache and other symptoms in less than a week. But some "especially seniors and those with lung or cardiac conditions" may have more severe cases of the flu and may even need to be hospitalized.
Release date: 2006-05-05 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006276Geography: CanadaDescription:
Based on a sample drawn from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID: 1993 to 1998 and 1996 to 2001), the study finds that young (17 to 34 years old) and single workers were more likely than older (35 to 59 years old) and married and divorced workers to participate in adult schooling and to obtain a post-secondary certificate. Workers with less than a high school education who might have the greatest need to increase their human capital investment were less likely to participate in adult education than workers with high school or more education.
The study shows that male workers who obtained a post-secondary certificate while staying with the same employer generally registered higher wage and earnings gains than their counterparts who did not go back to school, regardless of age and initial level of education. On the other hand, men who obtained a certificate and switched jobs generally realized no significant return to their additional education, with the exception of young men (17 to 34 years old) who would receive significant returns to a certificate, whether they switched employer or stayed with the same employer.
Obtaining a certificate generated significant wage and earnings returns for older women (aged 35 to 59) who stayed with the same employer, and significant wage returns for young women who switched employers.
Release date: 2006-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006277Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled: The Participation in Adult Schooling and its Earnings Impact in Canada.
Based on a sample drawn from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID: 1993 to 1998 and 1996 to 2001), the study finds that young (17 to 34 years old) and single workers were more likely than older (35 to 59 years old) and married and divorced workers to participate in adult schooling and to obtain a post-secondary certificate. Workers with less than a high school education who might have the greatest need to increase their human capital investment were less likely to participate in adult education than workers with high school or more education.
The study shows that male workers who obtained a post-secondary certificate while staying with the same employer generally registered higher wage and earnings gains than their counterparts who did not go back to school, regardless of age and initial level of education. On the other hand, men who obtained a certificate and switched jobs generally realized no significant return to their additional education, with the exception of young men (17 to 34 years old) who would receive significant returns to a certificate, whether they switched employer or stayed with the same employer.
Obtaining a certificate generated significant wage and earnings returns for older women (aged 35 to 59) who stayed with the same employer, and significant wage returns for young women who switched employers.
Release date: 2006-03-24 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20050029047Description:
This paper considers the problem of estimating, in the presence of considerable nonignorable nonresponse, the number of private households of various sizes and the total number of households in Norway. The approach is model-based with a population model for household size given registered family size. We account for possible nonresponse biases by modeling the response mechanism conditional on household size. Various models are evaluated together with a maximum likelihood estimator and imputation-based poststratification. Comparisons are made with pure poststratification using registered family size as stratifier and estimation methods used in official statistics for The Norwegian Consumer Expenditure Survey. The study indicates that a modeling approach, including response modeling, poststratification and imputation are important ingredients for a satisfactory approach.
Release date: 2006-02-17 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20050029052Description:
Estimates of a sampling variance-covariance matrix are required in many statistical analyses, particularly for multilevel analysis. In univariate problems, functions relating the variance to the mean have been used to obtain variance estimates, pooling information across units or variables. We present variance and correlation functions for multivariate means of ordinal survey items, both for complete data and for data with structured non-response. Methods are also developed for assessing model fit, and for computing composite estimators that combine direct and model-based predictions. Survey data from the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Study (CAHPS®) illustrate the application of the methodology.
Release date: 2006-02-17
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Articles and reports (7)
Articles and reports (7) ((7 results))
- 1. A model for estimating and imputing nonrespondent census households under sampling for nonresponse follow-up ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X20060019264Description:
Sampling for nonresponse follow-up (NRFU) was an innovation for U.S. Decennial Census methodology considered for the year 2000. Sampling for NRFU involves sending field enumerators to only a sample of the housing units that did not respond to the initial mailed questionnaire, thereby reducing costs but creating a major small-area estimation problem. We propose a model to impute the characteristics of the housing units that did not respond to the mailed questionnaire, to benefit from the large cost savings of NRFU sampling while still attaining acceptable levels of accuracy for small areas. Our strategy is to model household characteristics using low-dimensional covariates at detailed levels of geography and more detailed covariates at larger levels of geography. To do this, households are first classified into a small number of types. A hierarchical loglinear model then estimates the distribution of household types among the nonsample nonrespondent households in each block. This distribution depends on the characteristics of mailback respondents in the same block and sampled nonrespondents in nearby blocks. Nonsample nonrespondent households can then be imputed according to this estimated household type distribution. We evaluate the performance of our loglinear model through simulation. Results show that, when compared to estimates from alternative models, our loglinear model produces estimates with much smaller MSE in many cases and estimates with approximately the same size MSE in most other cases. Although sampling for NRFU was not used in the 2000 census, our estimation and imputation strategy can be used in any census or survey using sampling for NRFU where units are clustered such that the characteristics of nonrespondents are related to the characteristics of respondents in the same area and also related to the characteristics of sampled nonrespondents in nearby areas.
Release date: 2006-07-20 - 2. Does it pay to go back to school? ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610313159Geography: CanadaDescription:
As rapid technological change drives the growth of a knowledge-based economy and creates the need for new job-related skills, an aging population means that fewer new workers are available to meet these needs. As a result, adults are re-entering the educational system in increasing numbers, even though they are likely to face more challenges than regular students, in terms of balancing work, education, and family responsibilities. Going back to school is an investment that is expected to yield returns, but who actually benefits from adult schooling and by how much?
Release date: 2006-06-20 - Articles and reports: 82-003-X20050029195Geography: CanadaDescription:
As well as sub-zero temperatures and snowstorms, flu viruses arrive with the Canadian winter. Healthy people usually recover from the fever, cough, headache and other symptoms in less than a week. But some "especially seniors and those with lung or cardiac conditions" may have more severe cases of the flu and may even need to be hospitalized.
Release date: 2006-05-05 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006276Geography: CanadaDescription:
Based on a sample drawn from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID: 1993 to 1998 and 1996 to 2001), the study finds that young (17 to 34 years old) and single workers were more likely than older (35 to 59 years old) and married and divorced workers to participate in adult schooling and to obtain a post-secondary certificate. Workers with less than a high school education who might have the greatest need to increase their human capital investment were less likely to participate in adult education than workers with high school or more education.
The study shows that male workers who obtained a post-secondary certificate while staying with the same employer generally registered higher wage and earnings gains than their counterparts who did not go back to school, regardless of age and initial level of education. On the other hand, men who obtained a certificate and switched jobs generally realized no significant return to their additional education, with the exception of young men (17 to 34 years old) who would receive significant returns to a certificate, whether they switched employer or stayed with the same employer.
Obtaining a certificate generated significant wage and earnings returns for older women (aged 35 to 59) who stayed with the same employer, and significant wage returns for young women who switched employers.
Release date: 2006-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2006277Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled: The Participation in Adult Schooling and its Earnings Impact in Canada.
Based on a sample drawn from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID: 1993 to 1998 and 1996 to 2001), the study finds that young (17 to 34 years old) and single workers were more likely than older (35 to 59 years old) and married and divorced workers to participate in adult schooling and to obtain a post-secondary certificate. Workers with less than a high school education who might have the greatest need to increase their human capital investment were less likely to participate in adult education than workers with high school or more education.
The study shows that male workers who obtained a post-secondary certificate while staying with the same employer generally registered higher wage and earnings gains than their counterparts who did not go back to school, regardless of age and initial level of education. On the other hand, men who obtained a certificate and switched jobs generally realized no significant return to their additional education, with the exception of young men (17 to 34 years old) who would receive significant returns to a certificate, whether they switched employer or stayed with the same employer.
Obtaining a certificate generated significant wage and earnings returns for older women (aged 35 to 59) who stayed with the same employer, and significant wage returns for young women who switched employers.
Release date: 2006-03-24 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20050029047Description:
This paper considers the problem of estimating, in the presence of considerable nonignorable nonresponse, the number of private households of various sizes and the total number of households in Norway. The approach is model-based with a population model for household size given registered family size. We account for possible nonresponse biases by modeling the response mechanism conditional on household size. Various models are evaluated together with a maximum likelihood estimator and imputation-based poststratification. Comparisons are made with pure poststratification using registered family size as stratifier and estimation methods used in official statistics for The Norwegian Consumer Expenditure Survey. The study indicates that a modeling approach, including response modeling, poststratification and imputation are important ingredients for a satisfactory approach.
Release date: 2006-02-17 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20050029052Description:
Estimates of a sampling variance-covariance matrix are required in many statistical analyses, particularly for multilevel analysis. In univariate problems, functions relating the variance to the mean have been used to obtain variance estimates, pooling information across units or variables. We present variance and correlation functions for multivariate means of ordinal survey items, both for complete data and for data with structured non-response. Methods are also developed for assessing model fit, and for computing composite estimators that combine direct and model-based predictions. Survey data from the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Study (CAHPS®) illustrate the application of the methodology.
Release date: 2006-02-17
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