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- 1. Adult correctional services in Canada, 2002-2003 ArchivedArticles and reports: 85-002-X20040108409Geography: CanadaDescription:
The federal government and the provincial and territorial governments share the administration of correctional services in Canada, which include custody (sentenced custody, remand and other temporary detention) and community-based sentences (probation, conditional sentences) as well as statutory release and parole supervision. Correctional services agencies at both levels work toward the same goal, that is, the protection of society as well as the rehabilitation of offenders and their safe reintegration into communities as productive members.
This Juristat reports on data from the Adult Correctional Services Survey for the 2002/03 fiscal year, and shows trends as far back as 1993/94. It examines average counts of adults who have been incarcerated, who were under community supervision on probation, serving a conditional sentence or on conditional release (parole and statutory release). The number of admissions to these programs, the offences leading to the admission, the duration of the incarceration or probation, as well as some offender characteristics, such as age, sex and Aboriginal identity are also described. Furthermore, the cost of correctional services in 2002/03, broken down by type of activity and level of government is examined. The average daily inmate costs and daily offender costs of those in community supervision from 1993/94 to 2002/03, as well as the number of correctional institutions in Canada in 2002/03 are reported.
Release date: 2004-10-27 - 2. Shorter hospital stays for breast cancer ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20040017038Geography: CanadaDescription:
In this Health Reports article, a 20-year trend in the average length of hospital stay for breast cancer is traced, using data from the Hospital Morbitiy Database and the Person-oriented Information Database. Reasons for the shorter length of stay are examined and its impact on outcomes is discussed.
Release date: 2004-10-19 - 3. Earnings of Highly and of Less Educated Couples in the Canadian Labour Market, 1980 to 2000 ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-621-M2004017Geography: CanadaDescription:
With the help of data from the censuses of 1981 through 2001, this study examines the evolution of employment incomes (expressed in 2001 constant dollars) of less educated couples and highly educated couples.
Release date: 2004-10-13 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2004230Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study explores the labour market performance of low and high educated couples using Census data for the period 1980 to 2000.
Release date: 2004-10-13 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20020016722Geography: CanadaDescription:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer deaths in Canada. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) have shown the efficacy of screening using faecal occult blood tests (FOBT). A comprehensive evaluation of the costs and consequences of CRC screening for the Canadian population is required before implementing such a program. This paper evaluates whether or not the CRC screening is cost-effective. The results of these simulations will be provided to the Canadian National Committee on Colorectal Cancer Screening to help formulate national policy recommendations for CRC screening.
Statistics Canada's Population Health Microsimulation Model was updated to incorporate a comprehensive CRC screening module based on Canadian data and RCT efficacy results. The module incorporated sensitivity and specificity of FOBT and colonoscopy, participation rates, incidence, staging, diagnostic and therapeutic options, disease progression, mortality and direct health care costs for different screening scenarios. Reproducing the mortality reduction observed in the Funen screening trial validated the model.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20020016732Description:
Analysis of dose-response relationships has long been important in toxicology. More recently, this type of analysis has been employed to evaluate public education campaigns. The data that are collected in such evaluations are likely to come from standard household survey designs with all the usual complexities of multiple stages, stratification and variable selection probabilities. On a recent evaluation, a system was developed with the following features: categorization of doses into three or four levels, propensity scoring of dose selection and a new jack-knifed Jonckheere-Terpstra test for a monotone dose-response relationship. This system allows rapid production of tests for monotone dose-response relationships that are corrected both for sample design and for confounding. The focus of this paper will be the results of a Monte-Carlo simulation of the properties of the jack-knifed Jonckheere-Terpstra.
Moreover, there is no experimental control over dosages and the possibility of confounding variables must be considered. Standard regressions in WESVAR and SUDAAN could be used to determine if there is a linear dose-response relationship while controlling on confounders, but such an approach obviously has low power to detect nonlinear but monotone dose-response relationships and is time-consuming to implement if there are a large number of possible outcomes of interest.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - 7. Linking family recomposition with children's living arrangement after parental separation ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20020016738Description:
Parental union dissolution has been on the rise in Canada for the last 30 years and the nature and intensity of the fact that children stay with their parents after the family has broken up is now an important issue. Until now, most research on this topic has been done using cross-sectional data. However, the arrangements that separating parents make concerning the physical and financial care of their children are far from static, evolving in response to a variety of changes in the lives of both biological parents, including those occurring as a result of the new conjugal unions mothers and fathers enter into.
In this paper, we first determine how custody arrangements evolve through time and then examine changes in the frequency of contact that non-resident fathers maintain with their children. In both analyses, particular attention is given to the effect that a new union in the mother's or father's life has on the level of contact that children maintain with the non-custodial parent. We also examine how this varies depending on whether or not the new partner had children from a previous union, and on whether the mother's or father's new union is fertile. Prospective data from the two first waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) will enable us to compare levels of contact both before and after family recomposition.
Analyses are conducted using multinomial logit and probit models, and ordered logit and probit models according to the nature of the dependent variables. The observation of some of our dependent variables (e.g., the levels of contact between non-residing fathers and their child) is dependent on a selection process (e.g., that a father not residing with his child at Time 1 does not reside with the child at Time 2). In such cases, analyses are conducted using ordered probit models with selectivity. In all analyses, standard errors are adjusted to account for the sample design.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - 8. Use of generalized variance function models in inference from social and economic survey data ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20020016750Description:
Analyses of data from social and economic surveys sometimes use generalized variance function models to approximate the design variance of point estimators of population means and proportions. Analysts may use the resulting standard error estimates to compute associated confidence intervals or test statistics for the means and proportions of interest. In comparison with design-based variance estimators computed directly from survey microdata, generalized variance function models have several potential advantages, as will be discussed in this paper, including operational simplicity; increased stability of standard errors; and, for cases involving public-use datasets, reduction of disclosure limitation problems arising from the public release of stratum and cluster indicators.
These potential advantages, however, may be offset in part by several inferential issues. First, the properties of inferential statistics based on generalized variance functions (e.g., confidence interval coverage rates and widths) depend heavily on the relative empirical magnitudes of the components of variability associated, respectively, with:
(a) the random selection of a subset of items used in estimation of the generalized variance function model(b) the selection of sample units under a complex sample design (c) the lack of fit of the generalized variance function model (d) the generation of a finite population under a superpopulation model.
Second, under conditions, one may link each of components (a) through (d) with different empirical measures of the predictive adequacy of a generalized variance function model. Consequently, these measures of predictive adequacy can offer us some insight into the extent to which a given generalized variance function model may be appropriate for inferential use in specific applications.
Some of the proposed diagnostics are applied to data from the US Survey of Doctoral Recipients and the US Current Employment Survey. For the Survey of Doctoral Recipients, components (a), (c) and (d) are of principal concern. For the Current Employment Survey, components (b), (c) and (d) receive principal attention, and the availability of population microdata allow the development of especially detailed models for components (b) and (c).
Release date: 2004-09-13 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M2004009Description:
This study profiles full-time, full-year Canadian workers with low weekly earnings in their main job in 1996, and examines their upward mobility in 2001 using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics.
Release date: 2004-08-31 - 10. Influenza vaccination ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20030026830Geography: CanadaDescription:
In 2000/01, 28% of Canadians aged 20 or older reported having had a flu shot in the previous year, up from 16% in 1996/97. Close to two-thirds of seniors and one-half of people with chronic conditions had been vaccinated. Among the minority of seniors who did not get a flu shot, the main reason for not getting a shot was that they thought it was unnecessary.
Release date: 2004-03-29
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Articles and reports (11)
Articles and reports (11) (0 to 10 of 11 results)
- 1. Adult correctional services in Canada, 2002-2003 ArchivedArticles and reports: 85-002-X20040108409Geography: CanadaDescription:
The federal government and the provincial and territorial governments share the administration of correctional services in Canada, which include custody (sentenced custody, remand and other temporary detention) and community-based sentences (probation, conditional sentences) as well as statutory release and parole supervision. Correctional services agencies at both levels work toward the same goal, that is, the protection of society as well as the rehabilitation of offenders and their safe reintegration into communities as productive members.
This Juristat reports on data from the Adult Correctional Services Survey for the 2002/03 fiscal year, and shows trends as far back as 1993/94. It examines average counts of adults who have been incarcerated, who were under community supervision on probation, serving a conditional sentence or on conditional release (parole and statutory release). The number of admissions to these programs, the offences leading to the admission, the duration of the incarceration or probation, as well as some offender characteristics, such as age, sex and Aboriginal identity are also described. Furthermore, the cost of correctional services in 2002/03, broken down by type of activity and level of government is examined. The average daily inmate costs and daily offender costs of those in community supervision from 1993/94 to 2002/03, as well as the number of correctional institutions in Canada in 2002/03 are reported.
Release date: 2004-10-27 - 2. Shorter hospital stays for breast cancer ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20040017038Geography: CanadaDescription:
In this Health Reports article, a 20-year trend in the average length of hospital stay for breast cancer is traced, using data from the Hospital Morbitiy Database and the Person-oriented Information Database. Reasons for the shorter length of stay are examined and its impact on outcomes is discussed.
Release date: 2004-10-19 - 3. Earnings of Highly and of Less Educated Couples in the Canadian Labour Market, 1980 to 2000 ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-621-M2004017Geography: CanadaDescription:
With the help of data from the censuses of 1981 through 2001, this study examines the evolution of employment incomes (expressed in 2001 constant dollars) of less educated couples and highly educated couples.
Release date: 2004-10-13 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2004230Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study explores the labour market performance of low and high educated couples using Census data for the period 1980 to 2000.
Release date: 2004-10-13 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20020016722Geography: CanadaDescription:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer deaths in Canada. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) have shown the efficacy of screening using faecal occult blood tests (FOBT). A comprehensive evaluation of the costs and consequences of CRC screening for the Canadian population is required before implementing such a program. This paper evaluates whether or not the CRC screening is cost-effective. The results of these simulations will be provided to the Canadian National Committee on Colorectal Cancer Screening to help formulate national policy recommendations for CRC screening.
Statistics Canada's Population Health Microsimulation Model was updated to incorporate a comprehensive CRC screening module based on Canadian data and RCT efficacy results. The module incorporated sensitivity and specificity of FOBT and colonoscopy, participation rates, incidence, staging, diagnostic and therapeutic options, disease progression, mortality and direct health care costs for different screening scenarios. Reproducing the mortality reduction observed in the Funen screening trial validated the model.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20020016732Description:
Analysis of dose-response relationships has long been important in toxicology. More recently, this type of analysis has been employed to evaluate public education campaigns. The data that are collected in such evaluations are likely to come from standard household survey designs with all the usual complexities of multiple stages, stratification and variable selection probabilities. On a recent evaluation, a system was developed with the following features: categorization of doses into three or four levels, propensity scoring of dose selection and a new jack-knifed Jonckheere-Terpstra test for a monotone dose-response relationship. This system allows rapid production of tests for monotone dose-response relationships that are corrected both for sample design and for confounding. The focus of this paper will be the results of a Monte-Carlo simulation of the properties of the jack-knifed Jonckheere-Terpstra.
Moreover, there is no experimental control over dosages and the possibility of confounding variables must be considered. Standard regressions in WESVAR and SUDAAN could be used to determine if there is a linear dose-response relationship while controlling on confounders, but such an approach obviously has low power to detect nonlinear but monotone dose-response relationships and is time-consuming to implement if there are a large number of possible outcomes of interest.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - 7. Linking family recomposition with children's living arrangement after parental separation ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20020016738Description:
Parental union dissolution has been on the rise in Canada for the last 30 years and the nature and intensity of the fact that children stay with their parents after the family has broken up is now an important issue. Until now, most research on this topic has been done using cross-sectional data. However, the arrangements that separating parents make concerning the physical and financial care of their children are far from static, evolving in response to a variety of changes in the lives of both biological parents, including those occurring as a result of the new conjugal unions mothers and fathers enter into.
In this paper, we first determine how custody arrangements evolve through time and then examine changes in the frequency of contact that non-resident fathers maintain with their children. In both analyses, particular attention is given to the effect that a new union in the mother's or father's life has on the level of contact that children maintain with the non-custodial parent. We also examine how this varies depending on whether or not the new partner had children from a previous union, and on whether the mother's or father's new union is fertile. Prospective data from the two first waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) will enable us to compare levels of contact both before and after family recomposition.
Analyses are conducted using multinomial logit and probit models, and ordered logit and probit models according to the nature of the dependent variables. The observation of some of our dependent variables (e.g., the levels of contact between non-residing fathers and their child) is dependent on a selection process (e.g., that a father not residing with his child at Time 1 does not reside with the child at Time 2). In such cases, analyses are conducted using ordered probit models with selectivity. In all analyses, standard errors are adjusted to account for the sample design.
Release date: 2004-09-13 - 8. Use of generalized variance function models in inference from social and economic survey data ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20020016750Description:
Analyses of data from social and economic surveys sometimes use generalized variance function models to approximate the design variance of point estimators of population means and proportions. Analysts may use the resulting standard error estimates to compute associated confidence intervals or test statistics for the means and proportions of interest. In comparison with design-based variance estimators computed directly from survey microdata, generalized variance function models have several potential advantages, as will be discussed in this paper, including operational simplicity; increased stability of standard errors; and, for cases involving public-use datasets, reduction of disclosure limitation problems arising from the public release of stratum and cluster indicators.
These potential advantages, however, may be offset in part by several inferential issues. First, the properties of inferential statistics based on generalized variance functions (e.g., confidence interval coverage rates and widths) depend heavily on the relative empirical magnitudes of the components of variability associated, respectively, with:
(a) the random selection of a subset of items used in estimation of the generalized variance function model(b) the selection of sample units under a complex sample design (c) the lack of fit of the generalized variance function model (d) the generation of a finite population under a superpopulation model.
Second, under conditions, one may link each of components (a) through (d) with different empirical measures of the predictive adequacy of a generalized variance function model. Consequently, these measures of predictive adequacy can offer us some insight into the extent to which a given generalized variance function model may be appropriate for inferential use in specific applications.
Some of the proposed diagnostics are applied to data from the US Survey of Doctoral Recipients and the US Current Employment Survey. For the Survey of Doctoral Recipients, components (a), (c) and (d) are of principal concern. For the Current Employment Survey, components (b), (c) and (d) receive principal attention, and the availability of population microdata allow the development of especially detailed models for components (b) and (c).
Release date: 2004-09-13 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M2004009Description:
This study profiles full-time, full-year Canadian workers with low weekly earnings in their main job in 1996, and examines their upward mobility in 2001 using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics.
Release date: 2004-08-31 - 10. Influenza vaccination ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20030026830Geography: CanadaDescription:
In 2000/01, 28% of Canadians aged 20 or older reported having had a flu shot in the previous year, up from 16% in 1996/97. Close to two-thirds of seniors and one-half of people with chronic conditions had been vaccinated. Among the minority of seniors who did not get a flu shot, the main reason for not getting a shot was that they thought it was unnecessary.
Release date: 2004-03-29
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