Employment and unemployment

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Key indicators

Selected geographical area: Canada

Employment - Canada
(March 2024)

20,401,000

-0.0%

(monthly change)
Unemployment rate - Canada
(March 2024)

6.1%

0.3 pts

(monthly change)

More employment and unemployment indicators

Selected geographical area: Canada

Average weekly earnings - Canada
(January 2024)

$1,228.01

3.9%

(12-month change)
Jobs held by males, environmental and clean technology products sector - Canada
(2021)

224,328 jobs
Jobs held by females, environmental and clean technology products sector - Canada
(2021)

89,929 jobs
Average hourly wage, environmental and clean technology products sector—full-time jobs - Canada
(2021)

51.47 dollars
Average hourly wage, environmental and clean technology products sector—part-time jobs - Canada
(2021)

33.97 dollars
Participation rate for the population aged 25 to 54 years - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

85.6%
Percentage of immigrants in the labour force aged 25 to 54 years - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

27.7%
Workers using more than one language regularly at work - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

11.7%
Proportion of adults aged 25 to 54 years who worked full year full time in 2015 - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

49.8%
Proportion of adults aged 65 years and over who worked full year full time in 2015 - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

5.9%
% of workers using English or French at work - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

99.2%
% of workers using more than one language at work - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

15.4%

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Results

All (623)

All (623) (80 to 90 of 623 results)

81. Gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the proportion of youth neither in employment nor education at the start of the school year
Articles and reports: 75-006-X202100100003
Description:
This article examines the period of September to October 2020, which signalled the beginning of new school year and also the start of the second wave of COVID-19 in Canada. It illuminates the decisions that youth (and, in the case of secondary students, their parents) made about their schooling, and how the combination of these possibly difficult decisions, with the unprecedented drops in youth employment, affected the proportion of youth who were that youth not in employment, education or training - NEET.

Release date: 2021-05-25
82. Diversity Among Board Directors and Officers: Exploratory Estimates on Family, Work and Income
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2021005
Description:
This study provides the first socioeconomic profile of women board directors and officers in Canada from an intersectional lens. Linking data from the Corporations Returns Act with those from the 2016 Census, exploratory estimates are presented. The study analyzes disparities in family, work and income characteristics, mainly by gender and visible minority status. Further, it informs on the types of businesses in which diverse women executives contribute to corporate governance and strategic decision making.

Release date: 2021-05-18
83. Are the gaps in labour market outcomes between immigrants and their Canadian-born counterparts starting to close?
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100400004
Description:
This study examines whether the gaps in the employment rates and weekly earnings between immigrants and Canadian-born individuals increased or decreased over the last two decades. Earlier studies have well documented the expanding earnings gap between new immigrant workers and their Canadian-born counterparts during the 1980s and 1990s. However, significant policy changes in immigration selection and settlement have been introduced since the early 2000s, and the employment rate and entry earnings among new immigrants have been improving in recent years. Little research has been undertaken to examine whether the earnings gap between new immigrant and Canadian-born workers has recently started to close.

Release date: 2021-04-28
84. One useful labour market indicator
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100300001
Description: Analysts often use the unemployment and labour force participation rates as key indicators of the dynamism—or lack thereof—of the labour market, while some analysts want to know what percentage of jobs are part-time or temporary, or what percentage of workers are self-employed. One labour market indicator summarizes the influence of these five factors: the percentage of the population holding a paid job that is full-time and permanent.
Release date: 2021-03-24
85. Workers’ responses to job loss when employment opportunities are scarce
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100200002
Description:
This Insights article examines the degree to which workers who lost their job in 2009 started a business, changed regions, went back to school or began a registered apprenticeship in 2010, the year following job loss. The analysis combines the 2001 Census of Population with Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Worker File and Registered Apprenticeship Information System.

Release date: 2021-02-24
86. The changing nature of work in Canada amid recent advances in automation technology
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100100004
Description:
In recent years, technological advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning have broadened the realm of tasks that have the potential to be accomplished through automation technology. Consequently, these developments have raised questions about the future of work. Debate on this issue has focused primarily on the risk of job loss attributable to automation, with less attention given to how automation may change the nature of workers’ jobs. This study employs a task-based approach that shifts the focus from job replacement to changes in the nature of Canadians’ work. This approach views occupations as a set of tasks, allowing researchers to assess the effects of automation in the context of changes in occupational tasks.
Release date: 2021-01-27
87. How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the hours worked in Canada? An analysis by industry, province, and firm size
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100100005
Description:
Around the world, one critical response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been the implementation of physical distancing measures. These policies, which are necessary to contain the spread of the virus, have had serious consequences on the organization of work. This study used the Labour Force Survey (LFS), which makes it possible to compare the estimates of the hours worked in an employee’s main job in 2020 with the 2017-to-2019 average of hours worked (hereafter referred to as the “baseline”). The main contribution of the article is that it provides estimates of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic not only by industry and province but also by firm size, which is an important dimension more rarely discussed.
Release date: 2021-01-27
88. The Long-term Labour Market Integration of Refugee Claimants Who Became Permanent Residents in Canada
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020018
Description:
Although refugee claimants seek asylum in Canada for humanitarian reasons, their labour market outcomes play a crucial role in their successful integration, which is why it is important to monitor the degree of labour market success achieved by refugee claimants. This study compares the long-term labour market outcomes of refugee claimants who eventually became permanent residents in Canada (RC-PRs) with those of government-assisted refugees (GARs) and privately sponsored refugees (PSRs), as well as with refugee claimants who did not become permanent residents in Canada (RC-NPRs).

Release date: 2020-11-12
89. The Effect of Robots on Firm Performance and Employment
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020024
Description:
Recent improvements in robotics have rekindled ancient fears about the impact of robotics on humankind. Unfortunately, existing data seldom distinguishes robots from other types of automation, so research into their impact so far has been difficult. This article introduces research from a new Statistics Canada dataset, Robots!, on the impact of robots at the firm-level. The article examines the impact of robot investment on firm performance and employment at the enterprise level.
Release date: 2020-11-02
90. Canadians' Views on Automation and Net Job Creation in 1989: Were They Right?
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020025
Description:
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, advances in artificial intelligence and robotics raised concerns that automation might lead to relatively high unemployment rates in the coming years. This Economic Insights article examines the degree to which Canadians’ views about the impact of automation on net job creation in 1989 materialized three decades later.
Release date: 2020-11-02

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Analysis (623)

Analysis (623) (500 to 510 of 623 results)

501. Rising Self-employment in the Midst of High Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Developments in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999133
Geography: Canada
Description:
This paper highlights recent developments in self-employment in Canada and explores its relationship to unemployment/full-time paid-employment. There are now two and a half million Canadians working at their own businesses, amounting to 16.2% of the total labour force or accounting for 17.8% of total employment. In the first eight years of the 1990s, self-employment on average expanded by 4.1% per year, contributing to over three out of four new jobs the economy has created. Entry and exit data demonstrate that there are substantial flows into and out of this sector of the economy. Gross flows into and out of self-employment as the main labour market activity averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
The fixed-effects modelling results show a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). This conclusion holds true across different data sources, for different time periods, for different measures and definitions, for different empirical samples, and across various estimating techniques. There is also a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between exits out of self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). It appears that a host of non-cyclical factors are behind the recent surge in self-employment.
Release date: 1999-04-27
502. Determinants of postsecondary participation Archived
Articles and reports: 81-003-X19980034470
Geography: Canada
Description:
In today's changing economy, government, policy organizations, and members of the business community all emphasize the importance of knowledge, skills and lifelong learning for individuals to succeed in the labour market and for the economy to grow. Postsecondary education has been targeted as one of the key vehicles for producing a labour force ready to meet the challenge of the new workplace.
Release date: 1999-03-31
503. Youth employment: a lesson on its decline Archived
Articles and reports: 81-003-X19980034471
Geography: Canada
Description:
Earlier this decade, labour market conditions for young Canadians aged 15-24 deteriorated significantly. In the late 1980s, youths were more likely to be working than were adults. By 1997, only about half were employed, almost ten percentage points less than adults. Furthermore, when they did find work, youths today are more likely to be working part-time compared to adults and compared to yourths at the start of the decade, leading to reduced pay.
Release date: 1999-03-31
504. The Entry and Exit Dynamics of Self-employment in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999134
Geography: Canada
Description:
This paper i) documents the extent and cyclicality of self-employment entry and exit flows; ii) explores transitions to and from self-employment; and iii) investigates the influence of individual characteristics and labour market experience as well as macroeconomic conditions on the probability of moving into or out of self-employment.
The self-employed sector now employs over two and a half million Canadian workers, has expanded on average by over 4% a year so far in this decade and accounted for over three out of every four new jobs the economy has created. There are substantial flows both into and out of self-employment over the last 15 years. Gross flows into and out of self-employment averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
Regression results reveal no statistical evidence supporting the dominance of the push hypothesis over the pull hypothesis --- the notion that people are increasingly pushed into self-employment by deteriorating economic conditions. This analysis is done both through time-series analysis and the analysis of the determinants of flows into (and out of) self-employment. As in paid employment, younger Canadians are subject to higher turnover in self-employment --- they are not only more likely to enter but also substantially more likely to leave self-employment. Prior paid-employment experience and prior self-employment experience are both found to be associated with a higher likelihood of entering self-employment. The longer one is self-employed, the less likely he/she is going to leave the business. Having a spouse in business (being self-employed) substantially increases the likelihood of the other spouse becoming self-employed --- a self-employed spouse often attracts the other to either join the family business or start their own. We also find evidence that steady family income through paid-employment from one spouse increases the self-employed's (the other spouse's) affordability to continue with the business venture and hence reduces the likelihood of leaving self-employment.
Release date: 1999-03-22
505. Recent immigrants in the labour force Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X19980044420
Geography: Canada
Description:
This article explores the labour market experiences of recent immigrants in the 25- to 44-year age group from 1986 to 1996.
Release date: 1999-03-11
506. Employment Patterns in the Non-metro Workforce Archived
Articles and reports: 21-006-X1998002
Geography: Canada
Description:
Job creation is one major focus of rural development initiatives. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide an overview of employment and unemployment patterns in the non-metro workforce. In this bulletin, we combined the rural and small town population (as defined in ANALYSIS BULLETIN No. 1) with the Census Agglomeration (CA) population to constitute the non-metro population (see "Definitions" box). Our results for the overall non-metro workforce also apply to the rural and small town component of the non-metro workforce (refer to Employment Patterns in the Non-metro Workforce {Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Agriculture and Rural Working Paper No. 35, Cat. No. 21-601-MPE98035}).
Release date: 1999-02-23
507. Employment and remuneration in the services industries since 1984 Archived
Articles and reports: 63-016-X19980034328
Geography: Canada
Description:
To supplement the Services Indicators tables that regularly carry employment and remuneration data on six broad services industries for the most recent eight quarters, this section offers an historical overview of these same indicators, compiled annually, dating back to 1984. Employment shifts in these six industries from 1984 to 1997 are described, followed by detailed tables that quantify some aspects of services sector employment.
Release date: 1999-01-15
508. Estimating labour force gross flows from surveys subject to household-level nonignorable nonresponse Archived
Articles and reports: 12-001-X19980024349
Description:
Measurement of gross flows in labour force status is an important objective of the continuing labour force surveys carried out by many national statistics agencies. However, it is well known that estimation of these flows can be complicated by nonresponse, measurement errors, sample rotation and complex design effects. Motivated by nonresponse patterns in household-based surveys, this paper focuses on estimation of labour force gross flows, while simultaneously adjusting for nonignorable nonresponse. Previous model-based approaches to gross flows estimation have assumed nonresponse to be an individual-level process. We propose a class of models that allow for nonignorable household-level nonresponse. A simulation study is used to show, that individual-level labour force gross flows estimates from household-based survey data, may be biased and that estimates using household-level models can offer a reduction in this bias.
Release date: 1999-01-14
509. Which workers smoke? Archived
Articles and reports: 82-003-X19980034139
Geography: Canada
Description: This article examines differences by occupation in daily cigarette smoking prevalence and intensity among full-time workers, and how these differences are associated with smoking restrictions at work.
Release date: 1999-01-12
510. Work stress and health Archived
Articles and reports: 82-003-X19980034140
Geography: Canada
Description: This article describes work stress experienced by the employed population. It examines associations between job strain, job insecurity, physical demands, low co-worker support and low supervisor support, and four health outcomes: migraine, work injury, high blood pressure and psychological distress.
Release date: 1999-01-12

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Date modified:: 2024-04-19