Employment and unemployment

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Key indicators

Selected geographical area: Canada

Employment - Canada
(March 2024)

20,401,000

-0.0%

(monthly change)
Unemployment rate - Canada
(March 2024)

6.1%

0.3 pts

(monthly change)

More employment and unemployment indicators

Selected geographical area: Canada

Average weekly earnings - Canada
(January 2024)

$1,228.01

3.9%

(12-month change)
Jobs held by males, environmental and clean technology products sector - Canada
(2021)

224,328 jobs
Jobs held by females, environmental and clean technology products sector - Canada
(2021)

89,929 jobs
Average hourly wage, environmental and clean technology products sector—full-time jobs - Canada
(2021)

51.47 dollars
Average hourly wage, environmental and clean technology products sector—part-time jobs - Canada
(2021)

33.97 dollars
Participation rate for the population aged 25 to 54 years - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

85.6%
Percentage of immigrants in the labour force aged 25 to 54 years - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

27.7%
Workers using more than one language regularly at work - Canada
(2021 Census of Population)

11.7%
Proportion of adults aged 25 to 54 years who worked full year full time in 2015 - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

49.8%
Proportion of adults aged 65 years and over who worked full year full time in 2015 - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

5.9%
% of workers using English or French at work - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

99.2%
% of workers using more than one language at work - Canada
(2016 Census of Population)

15.4%

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Results

All (623)

All (623) (100 to 110 of 623 results)

101. Two-step Immigration Selection: Why Did Immigrant Labour Market Outcomes Vary by Admission Programs?
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020015
Description:
This article examines the role of two-step selection in explaining differences in the short-term and medium-term outcomes of economic immigrants in four major admission programs: Federal Skilled Worker program (FSWP), Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), Quebec Skill Worker (QSWP), and Canadian Experience Class (CEC). These programs are devised to meet various national, regional and sectoral economic needs. The labour market outcomes of economic immigrants in these admission programs are of policy interest because they are often used as indicators of a program’s success. More importantly, the knowledge of which factors underlie the success of one program can help inform the improvement of other programs. It is the fourth of five articles on the two-step selection process.
Release date: 2020-08-18
102. Two-step Immigration Selection: Skilled Work Experience vs. Pre-arranged Jobs
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020016
Description:
This article asks whether pre-immigration Canadian earnings or pre-arranged job offers are the better predictor of initial labour market outcomes. The data consist of economic principal applicants admitted under Canada’s Express Entry (EE) system over the 2015 to 2016 period, derived from the Longitudinal Immigration Database. Over this two-year period, about 16% of economic principal applicants were selected under the EE system, while the majority were still selected under the pre-EE points system. Only among EE principal applicants is the information on pre-arranged job collected. It is the fifth of five articles on the two-step selection process.
Release date: 2020-08-18
103. Potential Earnings Losses among High School and Postsecondary Graduates Due to the COVID-19 Economic Downturn
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020012
Description:
In this Economic Insights article, the potential earnings losses experienced by this year’s class of high school and postsecondary graduates as a result of COVID-19 are simulated. These graduates may face very challenging conditions as they enter the labour market, which could have long-term ramifications for their earnings prospects. Consequently, earnings losses are simulated up to five years after graduation, based on various scenarios of this year’s youth unemployment rate.

Release date: 2020-07-28
104. Two-step Immigration Selection: A Review of Benefits and Potential Challenges
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020009
Description:
In a two-step immigration selection process, temporary foreign workers are first selected by employers for a temporary job, and some qualified temporary foreign workers then become economic immigrants. The details of this selection process vary among countries. For example, in the US, the temporary workers are typically sponsored by the employers in their bid to become permanent residents. In Canada, the temporary residents are selected for permanent residency by the government based on a set of largely human capital criteria, although employers may play a role in some selection pathways. Viewed in a generic manner, the two step process presents both advantages and risks. This article provides an overview of such potential advantages and risks. It is the first of five articles on the two-step selection process.

Release date: 2020-07-22
105. Two-step Immigration Selection: An Analysis of its Expansion in Canada
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020010
Description:
This Economic Insights article documents the expansion of two-step immigration selection in Canada since the early 2000s. Two-step immigration selection refers to the selection of economic immigrants from among temporary foreign workers. The increased transition of a rapidly rising number of temporary foreign workers to permanent residence was made possible through the shifting composition of admission programs towards provincial programs and the Canadian Experience Class, and the growing reliance on temporary foreign workers within each admission program. This is the second of five articles on the two-step selection process.

Release date: 2020-07-22
106. Two-step Immigration Selection: Recent Trends in Immigrant Labour Market Outcomes
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020011
Description:
This article examines whether the increased selection of economic immigrants from among temporary foreign workers accounted for the recent improvement in immigrants’ employment rates and entry earnings. Immigrants who were former temporary foreign workers, particularly those with medium or high levels of pre-immigration Canadian earnings, had higher employment rates and earnings after immigration than other immigrants. The expansion of two step immigration selection was the driving force for the recent improvement in new immigrants’ labour market outcomes. It is the third of five articles on the two-step selection process.

Release date: 2020-07-22
107. The Changing Job Landscape, 1981 to 2019
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020005
Description:
This Economic Insights article examines how jobs held by Canadian employees have changed over the last four decades, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis uses a wide variety of data sets to document the evolution of selected job characteristics from 1981 to 2019.
Release date: 2020-06-23
108. Labour Market Experience, Gender Diversity and the Success of Women-owned Enterprises
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020010
Description:
Studies have found that women-owned enterprises lag men-owned enterprises in business performance such as sales, profits and employment. This lower performance has been attributed to several factors like financial constraints, industrial sector or lack of prior relevant experience. However, the studies that investigated the role of prior experience often lacked detailed quantitative evidence. This paper fills this gap by taking advantage of the Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD) over the 2001 to 2015 period.

Release date: 2020-06-16
109. Work-integrated learning during postsecondary studies, 2015 graduates
Articles and reports: 75-006-X202000100003
Description:
Based on data from the 2018 National Graduates Survey, this study examines the participation of 2015 postsecondary graduates in work-integrated learning (WIL), such as a co-op placement, placement, internship or clinical placement. This study examines, among other things, whether there is a link between participation in WIL and the labour market outcomes of graduates, three years after graduation.
Release date: 2020-05-25
110. Results from the 2016 Census: Education and labour market integration of Black youth in Canada
Articles and reports: 75-006-X202000100002
Description:
Using integrated 2006 and 2016 census data, this study examines the education and labour market integration outcomes of a recent cohort of young Black Canadians. Specifically, this study examines the link between the characteristics of the youth and their families when they were living with their parents (in 2006), and their education and labour market outcomes 10 years later (in 2016).

Release date: 2020-02-25

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Analysis (623)

Analysis (623) (500 to 510 of 623 results)

501. Rising Self-employment in the Midst of High Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Developments in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999133
Geography: Canada
Description:
This paper highlights recent developments in self-employment in Canada and explores its relationship to unemployment/full-time paid-employment. There are now two and a half million Canadians working at their own businesses, amounting to 16.2% of the total labour force or accounting for 17.8% of total employment. In the first eight years of the 1990s, self-employment on average expanded by 4.1% per year, contributing to over three out of four new jobs the economy has created. Entry and exit data demonstrate that there are substantial flows into and out of this sector of the economy. Gross flows into and out of self-employment as the main labour market activity averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
The fixed-effects modelling results show a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). This conclusion holds true across different data sources, for different time periods, for different measures and definitions, for different empirical samples, and across various estimating techniques. There is also a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between exits out of self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). It appears that a host of non-cyclical factors are behind the recent surge in self-employment.
Release date: 1999-04-27
502. Determinants of postsecondary participation Archived
Articles and reports: 81-003-X19980034470
Geography: Canada
Description:
In today's changing economy, government, policy organizations, and members of the business community all emphasize the importance of knowledge, skills and lifelong learning for individuals to succeed in the labour market and for the economy to grow. Postsecondary education has been targeted as one of the key vehicles for producing a labour force ready to meet the challenge of the new workplace.
Release date: 1999-03-31
503. Youth employment: a lesson on its decline Archived
Articles and reports: 81-003-X19980034471
Geography: Canada
Description:
Earlier this decade, labour market conditions for young Canadians aged 15-24 deteriorated significantly. In the late 1980s, youths were more likely to be working than were adults. By 1997, only about half were employed, almost ten percentage points less than adults. Furthermore, when they did find work, youths today are more likely to be working part-time compared to adults and compared to yourths at the start of the decade, leading to reduced pay.
Release date: 1999-03-31
504. The Entry and Exit Dynamics of Self-employment in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999134
Geography: Canada
Description:
This paper i) documents the extent and cyclicality of self-employment entry and exit flows; ii) explores transitions to and from self-employment; and iii) investigates the influence of individual characteristics and labour market experience as well as macroeconomic conditions on the probability of moving into or out of self-employment.
The self-employed sector now employs over two and a half million Canadian workers, has expanded on average by over 4% a year so far in this decade and accounted for over three out of every four new jobs the economy has created. There are substantial flows both into and out of self-employment over the last 15 years. Gross flows into and out of self-employment averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.
Regression results reveal no statistical evidence supporting the dominance of the push hypothesis over the pull hypothesis --- the notion that people are increasingly pushed into self-employment by deteriorating economic conditions. This analysis is done both through time-series analysis and the analysis of the determinants of flows into (and out of) self-employment. As in paid employment, younger Canadians are subject to higher turnover in self-employment --- they are not only more likely to enter but also substantially more likely to leave self-employment. Prior paid-employment experience and prior self-employment experience are both found to be associated with a higher likelihood of entering self-employment. The longer one is self-employed, the less likely he/she is going to leave the business. Having a spouse in business (being self-employed) substantially increases the likelihood of the other spouse becoming self-employed --- a self-employed spouse often attracts the other to either join the family business or start their own. We also find evidence that steady family income through paid-employment from one spouse increases the self-employed's (the other spouse's) affordability to continue with the business venture and hence reduces the likelihood of leaving self-employment.
Release date: 1999-03-22
505. Recent immigrants in the labour force Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X19980044420
Geography: Canada
Description:
This article explores the labour market experiences of recent immigrants in the 25- to 44-year age group from 1986 to 1996.
Release date: 1999-03-11
506. Employment Patterns in the Non-metro Workforce Archived
Articles and reports: 21-006-X1998002
Geography: Canada
Description:
Job creation is one major focus of rural development initiatives. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide an overview of employment and unemployment patterns in the non-metro workforce. In this bulletin, we combined the rural and small town population (as defined in ANALYSIS BULLETIN No. 1) with the Census Agglomeration (CA) population to constitute the non-metro population (see "Definitions" box). Our results for the overall non-metro workforce also apply to the rural and small town component of the non-metro workforce (refer to Employment Patterns in the Non-metro Workforce {Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Agriculture and Rural Working Paper No. 35, Cat. No. 21-601-MPE98035}).
Release date: 1999-02-23
507. Employment and remuneration in the services industries since 1984 Archived
Articles and reports: 63-016-X19980034328
Geography: Canada
Description:
To supplement the Services Indicators tables that regularly carry employment and remuneration data on six broad services industries for the most recent eight quarters, this section offers an historical overview of these same indicators, compiled annually, dating back to 1984. Employment shifts in these six industries from 1984 to 1997 are described, followed by detailed tables that quantify some aspects of services sector employment.
Release date: 1999-01-15
508. Estimating labour force gross flows from surveys subject to household-level nonignorable nonresponse Archived
Articles and reports: 12-001-X19980024349
Description:
Measurement of gross flows in labour force status is an important objective of the continuing labour force surveys carried out by many national statistics agencies. However, it is well known that estimation of these flows can be complicated by nonresponse, measurement errors, sample rotation and complex design effects. Motivated by nonresponse patterns in household-based surveys, this paper focuses on estimation of labour force gross flows, while simultaneously adjusting for nonignorable nonresponse. Previous model-based approaches to gross flows estimation have assumed nonresponse to be an individual-level process. We propose a class of models that allow for nonignorable household-level nonresponse. A simulation study is used to show, that individual-level labour force gross flows estimates from household-based survey data, may be biased and that estimates using household-level models can offer a reduction in this bias.
Release date: 1999-01-14
509. Which workers smoke? Archived
Articles and reports: 82-003-X19980034139
Geography: Canada
Description: This article examines differences by occupation in daily cigarette smoking prevalence and intensity among full-time workers, and how these differences are associated with smoking restrictions at work.
Release date: 1999-01-12
510. Work stress and health Archived
Articles and reports: 82-003-X19980034140
Geography: Canada
Description: This article describes work stress experienced by the employed population. It examines associations between job strain, job insecurity, physical demands, low co-worker support and low supervisor support, and four health outcomes: migraine, work injury, high blood pressure and psychological distress.
Release date: 1999-01-12

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Date modified:: 2024-04-23