Earnings, wages and non-wage benefits

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  • Articles and reports: 81-004-X20050017835
    Description:

    The earnings gap in favour of university graduates compared to those with less education is referred to as an "education premium". In order to better understand trends in the education premium, the analysis summarized here examines employment and earnings trends in Canada for males and females, young (age 25-35) and prime-aged workers (age 36-55) and across industry sectors.

    Release date: 2005-04-27

  • Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005248
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    We examine the evolution of low-paid work and the position of economically vulnerable families in Canada over the last two decades. Despite substantial growth in workers' educational attainment and experience, the proportion of jobs paying less than $10.00 per hour has remained fairly stable since the early 1980s. However, union coverage in low-paid jobs has dropped, especially for males. The risk of job loss has changed little but the proportion of newly hired employees who hold temporary jobs has increased markedly, thereby indicating important changes in the employer-employee relationship. Despite their rising educational attainment, most low earners (except women aged 25 to 29) have not seen their chances of escaping low earnings improved between the 1980s and the 1990s.

    Of all full-time employees, 5% were low-paid and lived in low income families in 1980 and 2000. In 2000, individuals with no high school diploma, recent immigrants, unattached individuals, lone mothers and persons living alone accounted for fully 71% of all full-time workers in low-paid jobs and in low-income, but only 37% of all full-time workers. While members of these five groups account for the majority of low-paid workers in low-income families, two of these groups have seen their economic position declined significantly: low-educated couples and recent immigrants.

    Release date: 2005-04-25

  • Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005249
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article summarizes findings from recent research papers in the Business and Labour Market Analysis Division of Statistics Canada, regarding low-paid work and economically vulnerable families. It begins by focusing on the evolution of wages in Canada between 1981 and 2004, and then turns to a close-hand look at low-paid work over these two decades. Next, it asks to what extent low-paid workers live in low income families, before documenting the deteriorating position in the labour marker of low-educated couples and recent immigrants.

    Release date: 2005-04-25

  • Table: 81-595-M2005027
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This bulletin presents the final set of tables which contain salary information for the year 2002-03. This information is collected annually under the University and College Academic Staff System and has a reference date of October 1st. Therefore, the data reflect employment in universities as of that date. Each university must authorize Statistics Canada to release their information. However, information for institutions that have less than 100 full-time staff are not included.

    Release date: 2005-04-06

  • Articles and reports: 75-001-X200510113135
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study looks at the wage gap between temporary and permanent employees over the 1997 to 2003 period. The comparison is made according to type of temporary employment, since the characteristics of employees vary greatly according to whether they are term or contract, seasonal, casual, or from a temporary agency. Also addressed is the economic vulnerability of temporary workers: Does the wage gap persist when hours worked, earnings of other household members, and number of dependants are considered?

    Release date: 2005-03-23

  • Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005241
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper examines the effect of ethnic neighbourhoods on wage growth as well as other labour market outcomes of immigrant men in Canada using the 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996 Censuses. While the primary measure of affiliation is country of birth, ethnicity, language and visible minority status are also examined to determine the robustness of the findings. Consistent with U.S. findings, ethnic neighbourhoods based on country of birth are found to have a negative impact on the ten-year wage growth of immigrants. Further, the model for wage growth is found to be robust to different lengths of time and different base years as well as the specification of language and ethnicity as the affiliation grouping. Using country of birth as the affiliation index, exposure is also found to have a negative impact on the growth of total and weekly earnings as well as the initial wages of entry cohorts. While little evidence is found on the effects of ethnic neighbourhoods on changes in employment, a negative effect of exposure is found on entry employment rates of the most recent landing cohorts. Although the overall effect of ethnic neighbourhoods on wage growth is negative, ethnic neighbourhoods are found to have a divergent effect on different landing cohorts, having a positive impact on the wage growth of the more recent cohorts and a negative impact on earlier cohorts.

    Release date: 2005-02-25

  • Articles and reports: 81-004-X20040067780
    Description:

    This article uses data from the 1998 International Adult Literacy Survey to examine the contribution of educational attainment and literacy skills to economic growth and the earnings of individuals.

    Release date: 2005-02-23

  • Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005239
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Using hourly wage data from the Labour Force Survey as well as previous household surveys covering the 1981-2004 period, we assess whether the relative importance of low-paid jobs and well-paid jobs has changed over the last two decades. Since it is unclear whether trends in wage levels obtained from all the aforementioned surveys are unbiased, we refrain from making definitive statements regarding the evolution of low-paid and well-paid jobs over the 1981-2004 period. When assessing whether well-paid jobs are disappearing in Canada, we focus our attention on recent trends, i.e. on changes in the fraction of jobs falling in certain (real) wage categories during the 1997-2004 period.

    We find little evidence that the relative importance of well-paid jobs - however defined - has fallen over the last two decades or since the second half of the 1990s. We also find little evidence that the relative importance of low-paid jobs, those paying less than $10.00 per hour, has risen during these two periods. We show, along with numerous previous studies, that the wage gap between young workers and their older counterparts has risen substantially over the last two decades but that the wage gap between university graduates and other workers has shown little change. More important, we show that, within age groups, wages of newly hired male and female employees - those with two years of seniority or less - have fallen substantially relative to those of others. Second, in the private sector, the fraction of new employees employed in temporary jobs has risen substantially, increasing from 11% in 1989 to 21% in 2004. Among employees with one year of seniority or less, the incidence of temporary work rose from 14% in 1989 to 25% in 2004. Third, pension coverage has fallen among men of all ages and among females under 45. Taken together, these findings suggest that Canadian firms (existing or newly-born) have responded to growing competition within industries and from abroad by reducing their wage offers for new employees, by offering temporary jobs to a growing proportion of them and by offering less often pension plans that guarantee defined benefits at the time of retirement.

    Release date: 2005-01-26

  • Articles and reports: 11F0019M2004235
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the gender earnings gap among recent Canadian bachelor-level university graduates. Hours of work are the single most important influence on the gap; past work experience, job characteristics, family status, province of residence, and language have smaller and more mixed effects.

    Release date: 2004-11-30

  • Articles and reports: 75-001-X200411013128
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Who were the low-wage earners in 2000, what proportion lived in low-income families, and how did the situation change between 1980 and 2000? Low wages need not mean economic hardship: for example young people living with their parents or spouses who are secondary earners may not be at risk. However, groups such as recent immigrants, lone mothers, and unattached individuals may well be at risk.

    Release date: 2004-10-26
Data (442)

Data (442) (30 to 40 of 442 results)

Analysis (351)

Analysis (351) (10 to 20 of 351 results)

  • Stats in brief: 11-627-M2023049
    Description: This infographic looks at how women from diverse groups experience the gender wage gap differently and how it has changed from 2007 to 2022. It uses data from the Labour Force Survey for paid workers aged 20 to 54, to examine the distinct experiences of diverse groups of women Including Indigenous women, immigrant women and non-Indigenous women born in Canada.
    Release date: 2023-09-21

  • Articles and reports: 75-006-X202300100009
    Description: Using data from the 2021 Census, this study examines educational attainment and earnings of the Canadian-born Black population, focusing on three groups: i) those with at least one African-born parent (African-origin); ii) those with at least one Caribbean-born parent (Caribbean-origin); and iii) those whose parents were both born in Canada (Canadian-origin).
    Release date: 2023-08-22

  • Stats in brief: 11-627-M2023048
    Description: This infographic analyzes three different Canadian-born Black populations: those with at least one parent born in Africa, those with at least one parent born in the Caribbean, and those with both parents born in Canada. It looks at how educational attainment differs between the three different Canadian-born Black populations, and how education along with other factors contributes to earnings differences between the different Black populations and between Black and non-Indigenous non-racialized populations.
    Release date: 2023-08-22

  • Stats in brief: 11-001-X202322736666
    Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin
    Release date: 2023-08-15

  • Articles and reports: 81-595-M2023003
    Description: Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) integrated with the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) and the T1 Family File (T1FF), this study explores the Canadian postsecondary educational attainment and employment income of immigrants from the “economic immigrant” programs who were granted permanent residency based on their ability to contribute to the Canadian economy. The analysis compares the skilled immigrants who returned to postsecondary education after admission to Canada to those who did not return to postsecondary education and explores their potential difficulty to transfer their educational qualifications onto the Canadian labour market.
    Release date: 2023-08-15

  • Articles and reports: 14-28-0001202300100005
    Description: In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Earnings by deciles indicator examines the median usual hourly wages as well as the ratios between hourly wage deciles for employees in their main job. Three decile ratios are used to measure wage inequality: the 9th decile divided by the 1st decile; the 9th decile divided by the 5th decile; and the 5th decile divided by the 1st decile.
    Release date: 2023-06-13

  • Articles and reports: 14-28-0001202300100009
    Description: In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Parental leave indicator is the number of employed parents aged 20 to 49 who have a child under 1 year of age and are on maternity or parental leave, expressed as a percentage of all employed parents with a child under 1.
    Release date: 2023-06-13

  • Stats in brief: 11-001-X20231394131
    Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin
    Release date: 2023-05-19

  • Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300400001
    Description: Selecting a field of study is an important decision made by thousands of incoming postsecondary students each year. Numerous studies have shown that graduates from engineering, business and mathematics programs earn considerably more than their counterparts from arts and humanities. This article estimates the earnings differences across various fields of study after adjusting for differences in high school academic performance (course marks), neighbourhood factors (income and educational attainment) and postsecondary institution effects.
    Release date: 2023-05-08

  • Stats in brief: 89-28-0001202200100005
    Description: This article provides a portrait of the ethnocultural and linguistic diversity among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people in Canada. Using sexual orientation data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015 to 2018), this study also examines the educational and economic outcomes of Canadian-born, immigrant and racialized LGB individuals. It is the fourth release of a series of Just the Facts articles on LGB people in Canada.
    Release date: 2023-04-19
Reference (39)

Reference (39) (10 to 20 of 39 results)

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75-514-G2018001
    Description:

    The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.

    Release date: 2018-07-12

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75-514-G2017001
    Description:

    The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.

    Release date: 2017-06-15

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 97-563-G
    Description:

    This guide focuses on the following variables: After-tax income, Total income and its components, Income status as well as other related variables from the Income and earnings release.

    Provides information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts, data quality and historical comparability. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

    Release date: 2008-12-04

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11F0019M2003207
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The estimation of intergenerational earnings mobility is rife with measurement problems since the research does not observe permanent, lifetime earnings. Nearly all studies make corrections for mean variation in earnings because of the age differences among respondents. Recent works employ average earnings or instrumental variable methods to address the effects of measurement error as a result of transitory earnings shocks and mis-reporting. However, empirical studies of intergenerational mobility have paid no attention to the changes in earnings variance across the life cycle suggested by economic models of human capital investment.

    Using information from the Intergenerational Income Data from Canada and the National Longitudinal Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics from the United States, this study finds a strong association between age at observation and estimated earnings persistence. Part of this age-dependence is related to a general increase in transitory earnings variance during the collection of data. An independent effect of life cycle investment is also identified. These findings are then applied to the variation among intergenerational earnings persistence studies. Among studies with similar methodologies, one-third of the variance in published estimates of earnings persistence is attributable to cross-study differences in the age of responding fathers. Finally, these results call into question tests for the importance of credit constraints based on measures of earnings at different points in the life cycle.

    Release date: 2003-08-05

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 89F0120X
    Description:

    Direct measures of skill attainment such as the International Adult Literacy Survey are used to assess the importance of educational outcome skills such as literacy in determining labour market outcomes such as earnings. Policy makers also use them to direct resources most efficiently. However, these skill measures are the product of complex statistical procedures. This paper examines the mathematical robustness of the International Adult Literacy Survey measures against other possibilities in estimating the impact of literacy on individual earnings.

    Release date: 2000-06-02

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 1713
    Description: The objective of this program is to provide data on employment (number of employees, wages and salaries) in the public sector, i.e. the federal, provincial, territorial and local general governments, health and social service institutions, universities, colleges, vocational and trade institutions, school boards, and government business enterprises.

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 2422
    Description: The survey is designed to provide annual estimates of retail sales, inventories, purchases, employees earnings and location data. This is a survey of Canadian retail business firms with sales and receipts over certain thresholds. The sales data are provided by kind of business and by province and territory.

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 2601
    Description: The Labour Cost Survey was intended to collect information on wage and non-wage benefit costs which is necessary to construct a Labour Cost index.

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 2602
    Description: The estimates are derived in order to supply the System of National Accounts (SNA) with the compensation of employees component of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

  • Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 2603
    Description: This survey is an establishment census survey designed to gather data on employment, payrolls and paid-hours from larger employers (companies or establishments of 20 or more employees).
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