Earnings, wages and non-wage benefits

All (373) (300 to 310 of 373 results)

• 301. Do the Falling Earnings of Immigrants Apply to Self-employed Immigrants? Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002195

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  Many studies have examined the relative success of immigrant men in the (primarily paid) workforce. Despite the fact that they represent approximately one-sixth of the immigrant workforce, self-employed immigrants are a relatively understudied group. This study uses the 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996 Census files to assess the success of self-employed immigrant men (compared with self-employed native-born men), using the relative success of paid immigrant men as the benchmark.

  After controlling for various other factors, recent immigrants (those arriving within the last five years) are as likely to be self-employed as the native-born and, over time spent in the country, are more likely to become self-employed. Recent immigrants in the 1990s were far more likely to be self-employed than the native-born. Successive cohorts of recent immigrants have fared progressively worse in the paid labour market compared with paid native-born workers. This is not the case in the self-employed workforce. Although self-employed recent immigrants typically report lower net self-employment income upon entry than the self-employed native-born, the gap has not grown. Instead, it has followed a cyclical movement: narrowing at the peak, and widening in times of weaker economic activity.

  Release date: 2002-12-09

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• 302. Wage Progression of Less Skilled Workers in Canada: Evidence from the SLID (1993-1998) Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002194

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  The wage progression of less skilled workers is of particular policy interest in light of evidence of skill-biased technology changes. There exist two conflicting views regarding the wage progression of less skilled workers. One view believes that work experience is the driving force for wage growth of less skilled workers, so effective policies should encourage workers to participate in the labour market and accumulate work experience. The other view stresses that less skilled workers are usually locked into dead-end jobs in which wages are stagnant and policies that facilitate job shopping (changing jobs and employers) would be desirable.

  Job tenure is a key factor in testing the hypothesis that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs. If the return to tenure is zero, the hypothesis cannot be rejected. An extended human capital model of wage growth for less skilled workers is estimated using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) 1993 to 1998. In order to compare the wage growth mechanisms for workers with different skill endowments, the model is also estimated for workers with higher skill levels. The result implies that the return to job tenure for less skilled workers is significantly different from zero. This is inconsistent with the view that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs.

  The return to job tenure is also found to be greater than the return to total labour market experience for less skilled workers. This finding supports the notion that firm-specific human capital acquired by less skilled workers substitutes for their generally low human capital endowments and the accumulation of firm-specific human capital by less skilled workers greatly improves their earnings prospect.

  Release date: 2002-12-06

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• 303. The "Who, What, When and Where" of Gender Pay Differentials Archived

  Articles and reports: 71-584-M2002004

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper addresses pay differentials between the sexes in terms of the characteristics of the individual worker, the tasks of the worker, the employment contract between the worker and the workplace, and the contribution of specific workplace characteristics to these pay differentials.

  Release date: 2002-07-30

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• 304. Wives, Mothers and Wages: Does Timing Matter? Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002186

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  Current trends in marriage and fertility patterns suggest that young Canadian women are delaying family formation and concentrating on developing their careers. Using data from the 1998 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, this study provides Canadian evidence on the effect of marital status and parenthood status on the wage rates of Canadian women. As well, this paper attempts to determine whether decisions regarding the timing of family formation influence the wages of women and whether these decisions have a permanent or temporary impact on earnings. The main results of the paper are as follows.

  After controlling for differences in work history, labour force qualifications and selected job characteristics, the cross sectional analysis suggests that there is no association between marital status and wages while the evidence on the relationship between wages and motherhood is mixed.

  When controls for years with children were included, there is a positive association of motherhood with wages that persists in the early years of motherhood but declines as the number of years with children lengthens. These results support the specialization, selection, differential treatment by employers and the work effort explanations for differences in the wages of mothers relative to other women. There is no such finding for married women and the duration of marriage.

  It is a well-documented fact that the acquisition of job-related skills and significant wage growth is concentrated at the start of workers' careers - which generally coincides with decisions regarding marriage and children. If this is the case, then the timing of marriage and children may be considered proxies for omitted, unobserved characteristics, related to human capital skills, differentiated work history or labour force attachment. Conforming to theoretical expectations when the timing of children is taken into account, women that postpone having children earn at least 6.0% more than women who have children early. There is no significant association between the timing of marriage and wages.

  The observed relationship between women's wages and their decision to delay having children tends to persist after the birth of their first child but tends to decline over time. Thus, augmented family responsibilities will tend to reduce any initial wage differentials based on delays of assuming these responsibilities.

  Release date: 2002-05-01

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• 305. Winners and Losers in the Labour Market of the 1990s Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002184

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper examines the Canadian labour market during the 1990s and contrasts it to prior decades, with a special focus on distributional outcomes. It discusses changes in relative earnings between groups, changes in relative labour market outcomes of women and older workers, changes in earnings and income inequality, and changes in low-income.

  Release date: 2002-03-01

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• 306. The male-female wage gap Archived

  Articles and reports: 75-001-X20010126036

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  The issue of male-female wage inequality is complex, and requires analysis from a number of different perspectives. This article demonstrates the importance of measurement, decomposition techniques and differences in the gap along the wage scale.

  Release date: 2001-12-17

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• 307. The Effects of Inter-provincial Mobility on Individuals' Earnings: Panel Model Estimates for Canada Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2001163

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper presents the findings of an empirical investigation of the effects of inter-provincial migration on individuals' earnings based on the newly available Longitudinal Administrative Database (LAD). The main results are based on a difference model which estimates the effects of mobility on (log) earnings which implicitly controls for initial earnings levels and other fixed effects, as well as other influences captured by the regressors included in the models. Inter-provincial mobility is found to be associated with statistically significant and in many cases quantitatively substantial changes in individuals' earnings, with these effects varying by age, sex, and province of origin. Pre- and post-move earnings profiles are also analysed, offering support for the validity of the difference model approach and indicating that movers are quickly integrated into local labour markets after their moves. Implications are discussed and possible directions for future research are suggested.

  Release date: 2001-10-25

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• 308. Income Prospects of British Columbia University Graduates Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2001170

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Description:

  Using a new dataset which combines the 1982-1997 tax records and administrative records of British Columbia bachelors graduates from the classes of 1974-96, the real market income of graduates is examined, focussing on changes in income between graduating cohorts, as well as differences across major fields of study. For men and women BC graduates, there has been a decline in real annual income received after graduation for more recent cohorts which is eventually offset by a higher growth rate in income. Also, annual incomes after graduation are relatively high for graduates with applied degrees such as in the engineering, education, and health fields, however, incomes converge as graduate cohorts age. The former finding is at odds with those of Beaudry and Green (1997) who found that weekly earnings declined across cohorts for male university graduates, with no offsetting rise in the growth rate (their results were more similar for women). Differences may be due to this paper's use of annual income as an outcome measure, or its focus on BC student's outcomes rather than national outcomes.

  Release date: 2001-05-04

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• 309. Literacy, Numeracy and Labour Market Outcomes in Canada Archived

  Articles and reports: 89-552-M2001008

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study investigates the relationship between labour market success and literacy skills, specifically prose literacy, document literacy and quantitative literacy or numeracy. It focuses on the relationship between literacy and annual, weekly and hourly earnings.

  Release date: 2001-03-19

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• 310. Graduates' earnings and the job skills-education match Archived

  Articles and reports: 81-003-X20000025524

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study examines the extent to which postsecondary graduates use their acquired skills, and the correspondence of their educational qualifications to the job requirements.

  Release date: 2001-03-01

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Data (213) (30 to 40 of 213 results)

• 31. Employment insurance disqualifications and disentitlements, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0004-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance benefit disqualifications and disentitlements by reason, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

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• 32. Employment insurance claims received by province and territory, monthly, seasonally adjusted

  Table: 14-10-0005-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance claims received by province and territory, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 33. Employment insurance claims received and allowed by province and territory, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0005-02

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance claims received and allowed, by province and territory and type of claim, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 34. Employment insurance coverage, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0006-01

  Geography: Canada

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of persons covered by employment insurance, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 35. Employment insurance benefit characteristics by class of worker, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0007-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Benefit payments and number of benefit weeks of employment insurance benefits, by class of worker and type of income benefits, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

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• 36. Employment insurance regular income benefit characteristics, monthly, seasonally adjusted

  Table: 14-10-0008-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Benefit payments and number of benefit weeks of employment insurance regular income benefits, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 37. Employment insurance beneficiaries by type of income benefits, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0009-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance beneficiaries by type of income benefits, age group and sex, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 38. Employment insurance beneficiaries by age group, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0010-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance beneficiaries by detailed age group, total and regular income benefits, declared earnings, and sex, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 39. Employment insurance beneficiaries (regular benefits) by province and territory, monthly, seasonally adjusted

  Table: 14-10-0011-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description: Number of employment insurance beneficiaries receiving regular income benefits by province and territory, declared earnings, sex, and age group, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

  ---

• 40. Employment insurance beneficiaries by census metropolitan category, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality

  Table: 14-10-0137-01

  Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part, Census metropolitan influenced zone

  Frequency: Monthly

  Description:

  Number of employment insurance beneficiaries by census metropolitan category, total and regular income benefits, declared earnings, sex, and age group, last 5 months.

  Release date: 2024-03-21

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Analysis (159) (0 to 10 of 159 results)

• 1. Wages and Full-time Employment Rates of Young High School Graduates and Bachelor’s Degree Holders, 1997 to 2012 Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2014360

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study examines which factors underlie the narrowing of wage differences seen between young bachelor’s degree holders and high school graduates from the 2000-to-2002 period to the 2010-to-2012 period and the widening of differences in full-time paid employment rates between these two groups.

  Four types of factors are considered: those associated with changes in labour supply, labour demand, institutions and employer–employee contracts, and general economic conditions.

  Changes in the population of bachelor’s degree holders relative to the population of high school graduates are used to capture changes in relative labour supply.

  Release date: 2014-04-28

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• 2. An Investment of a Lifetime? The Long-term Labour Market Premiums Associated with a Postsecondary Education Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2014359

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper examines the long-term labour market premiums associated with completing a college certificate and a bachelor's degree, compared to completing a high school diploma. Several labour market outcomes of individuals are examined with longitudinal data over a 20-year period spanning their mid-30s to their mid-50s.

  With the creation of a new linked file consisting of the 1991 Census of Population and the Longitudinal Worker File (LWF), it is now possible to follow individuals in the labour market for a longer period of time than is feasible with existing survey data. The purpose of this study is to compare labour market outcomes of individuals with different levels of educational attainment over a 20-year period spanning their mid-30s to their mid-50s. Three levels of education are considered, corresponding to the decisions made by students following high school graduation: a high school diploma, a college certificate, and a bachelor's degree. Longitudinal data are used to track total earnings (wages and salaries plus net self-employment income), coverage in an employer-sponsored pension plan, employment, union membership, and permanent and temporary layoffs over the period 1991 to 2010.

  Release date: 2014-02-27

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• 3. The Long-term Labour Market Premiums Associated with a Terminal High School Diploma Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2014354

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper examines the long-term labour market premiums associated with a high school diploma. The focus is on the value of the qualification (the signaling effect), but the premiums associated with the number of years of schooling required to obtain the qualification (the human-capital effect) are also estimated. The labour market outcomes of individuals born in the mid-1960s are measured from their mid-20s to their mid-40s with longitudinal administrative data from the Longitudinal Worker File (LWF) that are linked to the 1991 Census of Population. Two groups are considered: terminal high school graduates (those who had obtained a high school diploma but had not acquired any postsecondary education by the 1991 Census) and individuals without a high school diploma (those who had no high school diploma, were not enrolled in high school, and had no postsecondary education at the time of the 1991 Census).

  Release date: 2014-01-23

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• 4. Twenty Years in the Careers of Immigrant and Native-Born Workers Archived

  Articles and reports: 11-626-X2013032

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This article addresses three questions: (1) What were the employment dynamics of a specific cohort of immigrant and native-born workers over the 20 years from 1991 to 2010? (2) To what extent did initial differences in earnings and pension coverage between the two groups narrow during this period? (3) Which factors were associated with the narrowing of these differences? The data are from the linked Census 1991-Longitudinal Worker File and pertain to real annual wages and salaries and pension coverage of immigrants aged 25 to 34 in 1991 who arrived in Canada from 1985 to 1990 and native-born workers of the same age.

  Release date: 2013-11-29

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• 5. The Evolution of Canadian Wages over the Last Three Decades Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2013347

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study examines how real wages of Canadian workers evolved from 1981 to 2011 across five dimensions: gender, age, education, industry, and occupation.

  Release date: 2013-03-15

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• 6. Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers with Stable Labour Market Attachment: Recent Evidence from Canada Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2012346

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study examines long-term earnings losses of workers laid off during the early 1990s and the early 2000s using data from Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Worker File (LWF). In contrast to earlier studies, many of which focused on narrowly defined samples, this study compares earnings losses across all groups of displaced workers with stable labour market attachment prior to layoff. The study shows that focusing solely on high-seniority laid-off workers or workers laid off in firm closures leads to the exclusion of at least two-thirds of Canadian displaced workers with stable labour market attachment.

  Release date: 2012-11-29

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• 7. Certification, Completion, and the Wages of Canadian Registered Apprentices Archived

  Articles and reports: 11F0019M2012345

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This study uses the 2007 National Apprenticeship Survey (NAS) to compare hourly wage differences observed between apprentices who complete their programs and apprentices who discontinue their programs. The primary objective is to estimate the magnitude of the wage difference between these groups while taking into account a broad range of characteristics. Furthermore, wage comparisons are refined further by disaggregating apprentices into four mutually exclusive groups, defined on the basis of program completion and certification.

  Release date: 2012-10-03

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• 8. Leave practices of parents after the birth or adoption of young children Archived

  Articles and reports: 11-008-X201200211697

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  Many parents take time off work to care for a child after birth or adoption. Whether or not parents take leave and the duration of that leave may be influenced by characteristics such as parental employment or child and maternal health factors.

  This article examines children's experiences of parent-reported leave after their birth or adoption. In addition, associations between leave and parent employment and child and maternal health factors are analyzed using data from the 2010 Survey of Young Canadians.

  Release date: 2012-07-30

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• 9. Wage Growth over the Past 30 Years: Changing Wages by Age and Education Archived

  Articles and reports: 11-626-X2012008

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This article in the Economic Insights series examines two questions: (1) Which groups of Canadian workers have experienced stronger real wage growth over the past three decades?; and (2) To what extent do individuals' acquisition of education, general work experience, and seniority within firms, as well as their movements into higher-wage or lower-wage occupations and industries, account for differences in real wage growth observed across groups of workers? This article uses data from various Statistics Canada surveys and focuses on the real (hourly or weekly) wages earned by full-time workers. It is based on research carried out at Statistics Canada aimed at providing information on how wage rates of Canadian workers have changed over the past three decades. Wages are expressed in 2010 dollars.

  Release date: 2012-06-15

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• 10. Cities and Growth: Moving to Toronto - Income Gains Associated with Large Metropolitan Labour Markets Archived

  Articles and reports: 11-622-M2012023

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  This paper examines the process by which migrants experience gains in earnings subsequent to migration and, in particular, the advantage that migrants obtain from moving to large, dynamic metropolitan labour markets, using Toronto as a benchmark. There are two potentially distinct patterns to gains in earnings associated with migration. The first is a step upwards in which workers realize immediate gains in earnings subsequent to migration. The second is accelerated gains in earnings subsequent to migration. Immediate gains are associated with obtaining a position in a more productive firm and/or a better match between worker skills and abilities and job tasks. Accelerated gains in earnings are associated processes that take time, such as learning or job switching as workers and firms seek out better matches. Evaluated here is the expectation that the economies of large metropolitan areas provide workers with an initial productive advantage stemming from a one-time improvement in worker productivity and/or a dynamic that accelerates gains in earnings over time through the potentially entwined processes of learning and matching. A variety of datasets and methodologies, including propensity score matching, are used to evaluate patterns of income gains associated with migration to Toronto.

  Release date: 2012-05-03

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Reference (1) ((1 result))

• 1. Life Cycle Bias in the Estimation of Intergenerational Earnings Persistence Archived

  Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11F0019M2003207

  Geography: Canada

  Description:

  The estimation of intergenerational earnings mobility is rife with measurement problems since the research does not observe permanent, lifetime earnings. Nearly all studies make corrections for mean variation in earnings because of the age differences among respondents. Recent works employ average earnings or instrumental variable methods to address the effects of measurement error as a result of transitory earnings shocks and mis-reporting. However, empirical studies of intergenerational mobility have paid no attention to the changes in earnings variance across the life cycle suggested by economic models of human capital investment.

  Using information from the Intergenerational Income Data from Canada and the National Longitudinal Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics from the United States, this study finds a strong association between age at observation and estimated earnings persistence. Part of this age-dependence is related to a general increase in transitory earnings variance during the collection of data. An independent effect of life cycle investment is also identified. These findings are then applied to the variation among intergenerational earnings persistence studies. Among studies with similar methodologies, one-third of the variance in published estimates of earnings persistence is attributable to cross-study differences in the age of responding fathers. Finally, these results call into question tests for the importance of credit constraints based on measures of earnings at different points in the life cycle.

  Release date: 2003-08-05