Earnings, wages and non-wage benefits
Key indicators
Selected geographical area: Canada
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470,530-0.0%(monthly change)
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20.0%(12-month change)
More earnings, wages and non-wage benefits indicators
Selected geographical area: Canada
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$1,228.013.9%(12-month change)
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0.4%(quarterly change)
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6,711,260.01.8%(annual change)
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$57.60 per hour-1.5%(annual change)
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- Labour Force Survey (26)
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- Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (1)
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All (264)
All (264) (50 to 60 of 264 results)
- Articles and reports: 11F0019M2019023Description:
In Canada, immigrants represented more than half of the population in the prime working ages with at least a bachelor’s degree in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields of study in 2016. They accounted for three-quarters of engineering and computer science graduates with a master’s or doctorate degree. This paper examines the skill utilization and earnings of employed STEM-educated immigrants by field of study and degree level.
Release date: 2019-12-13 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2019022Description:
Canada and the United States are two major immigrant destinations with distinct immigration policies. The two countries also differ in immigration level and economy size, but their government structures, economic systems and social environment have many similarities. These similarities and differences provide a useful setting for comparative immigration research. This study compares the differences in the mismatch between the education and occupations of immigrants in Canada and the United States, operationalized by over-education. It further explores how the cross-country differences may be related to the supply of and demand for university-educated immigrants and the way they are selected.
Release date: 2019-12-03 - Articles and reports: 75-006-X201900100015Description:
Previous research has suggested that skills acquired at a young age, such as reading or math skills, may have an impact on the early labour market outcomes of individuals. In this study, tax data linked to the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) are used to examine the association between background factors at age 15 (including reading proficiency) and employment earnings in young adulthood for a cohort of respondents who were aged 15 in 2000.
Release date: 2019-10-17 - Articles and reports: 75-004-M2019004Description:
This study examines the evolution of the gender wage gap in Canada from 1998 to 2018 among employees aged 25 to 54. The contributions of various characteristics to the gap, and to the changes in the gap, are examined using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition on hourly wage data from the Labour Force Survey.
Release date: 2019-10-07 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2019018Description:
This paper examines the impact of public sector salary disclosure laws on university faculty salaries in Canada. These laws, which give the public access to the salaries of individual faculty members if they exceed specified thresholds, were introduced in different provinces at different points in time. One of the most persistent and salient features of labour markets around the world is that women earn less than men. A hypothesis recently gaining traction among academic researchers and policy makers is that the gender earnings gap persists in part because it is hidden. There have also been calls in the private sector for more transparency on pay discrepancies between male and female workers. This paper provides new evidence on the causal effect of pay transparency laws on salaries.
Release date: 2019-09-16 - Articles and reports: 75-004-M2019003Description:
This report looks at the evolution of minimum wage prevalence over the last 20 years, using annual estimates from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). It examines changes in the profile of minimum wage employees, first through a series of gradual minimum wage increases observed from 1998 to 2017, followed by notable increases in 2018. It then looks at changes in the average minimum wage in Canada compared with the average hourly wages for all employees.
Release date: 2019-09-11 - Articles and reports: 45-20-00022019001Description:
Reducing pay inequality between women and men is a key priority, both nationally and internationally, for achieving gender equality. Documenting gender inequality in pay and tracking progress in this regard for policy purposes requires at least one indicator. The adjusted gender pay gap-the raw difference between the employment earnings of women and men, expressed either as a proportion of men's earnings (i.e., the "gender pay ratio") or one minus the gender pay ratio-typically serves this purpose. At present, there are no internationally-recognized standards for measuring the adjusted gender pay gap, leaving considerable scope for political choice.
The purpose of this paper is to inform the development of international standards for measuring the adjusted gender pay gap by explaining the assumptions underlying, and the implications following from, various methods. Additionally, the paper strives to increase literacy about the meaning and interpretation of different estimates of the gender pay gap, and to bring together various explanations for the gender pay gap.
Release date: 2019-08-30 - Articles and reports: 75-006-X201900100007Description:
This study uses data from the 2016 Census in order to examine the employment earnings of individuals with an immigrant background (i.e., immigrants and children of immigrants) who are part of official language minorities in Canada. Two groups are examined: those with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) living in Canada outside Quebec, and those with English as their FOLS living in Quebec. In this study, comparisons are made with groups belonging to the linguistic majority.
Release date: 2019-05-15 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2019012Description:
It has been well-documented that postsecondary graduates, on average, earn considerably more than others. Consequently, increasing postsecondary enrollment among youth from lower-income families—through targeted student aid or community outreach programs—may constitute an effective mechanism for promoting upward income mobility. However, there currently exists no evidence of the benefits of a postsecondary education (PSE) for youth from lower-income families per se. Using postsecondary administrative records and income tax records, this study bridges this information gap by estimating the association between earnings and PSE by level of parental income among a cohort of Ontario postsecondary graduates and a comparison group of Ontario youth who did not enroll in a postsecondary institution.
Release date: 2019-04-26 - 60. Working income tax benefit recipients in Canada ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M2019003Description:
This paper provides a brief portrait of the Canadian Working Income Tax Benefit (WITB) and WITB recipients using 2014 tax data. It first presents the main components of the WITB program. It then describes WITB recipients from demographic and income perspectives. Finally, the paper examines the impact of the WITB on low-income rates and low-income gap ratios.
Release date: 2019-04-16
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Analysis (264)
Analysis (264) (40 to 50 of 264 results)
- Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020018Description:
Although refugee claimants seek asylum in Canada for humanitarian reasons, their labour market outcomes play a crucial role in their successful integration, which is why it is important to monitor the degree of labour market success achieved by refugee claimants. This study compares the long-term labour market outcomes of refugee claimants who eventually became permanent residents in Canada (RC-PRs) with those of government-assisted refugees (GARs) and privately sponsored refugees (PSRs), as well as with refugee claimants who did not become permanent residents in Canada (RC-NPRs).
Release date: 2020-11-12 - Articles and reports: 75-004-M2020002Description:
Among the employed population, women are generally younger than men. Furthermore, there are notable differences for particular occupations, which is even more pronounced for certain groups of women. This study uses data primarily from the 2016 Census of Population to examine the prevalence and age composition of three groups of women-South Asian, Chinese and Black-across occupations of various skill levels.
Release date: 2020-10-22 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020016Description:
In both Canada and the United States, immigrants constitute a disproportionately large share of the supply of university-educated labour trained in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This article examines the Canada–U.S. differences in the occupational skill utilization and earnings of STEM-educated immigrant workers. Using data from the 2016 Census for Canada and the combined 2015 to 2017 American Community Survey, this analysis focuses on immigrants with a university degree in a STEM field who were aged 25 to 64 and arrived as adults.
Release date: 2020-09-28 - 44. Equally mobile, equally stable: Gender convergence in labour mobility and job stability in CanadaArticles and reports: 75-004-M2020001Description:
Data from the Labour Force Survey covering the period from 1976 to 2018 is used to report on trends in labour mobility (the likelihood of starting a new job) and job stability (the likelihood that a job will continue for a prescribed length of time) of Canadian men and women aged 20 to 54. It addresses how the patterns in new hires and job stability contribute to our understanding of gender wage gap in Canada.
Release date: 2020-08-28 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020018Description:
This study reports on the median earnings of bachelor's degree graduates five years after graduation (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), after adjusting for age, institution, and year of graduation. Results are shown for 118 fields for men and for 123 fields for women. This information is highly relevant to students, who must select specific disciplines and base their decisions in part on the earnings associated with disciplines.
Release date: 2020-08-24 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020019Description:
This study reports on the median earnings of master's degree graduates five years after graduation (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), after adjusting for age, institution, and year of graduation. Results are shown for 77 fields for men and for 95 fields for women. Students may benefit from this information since they must apply to specific programs, as opposed to broader categories that are more often reported in studies.
Release date: 2020-08-24 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020020Description:
This study reports on the median earnings of doctoral degree graduates five years after graduation (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), after adjusting for age, institution, and year of graduation. Results are shown for 29 fields for men and for 22 fields for women. This detailed level of information could be beneficial to students, who must apply to specific academic programs rather than broad groupings of disciplines that are often reported in studies.
Release date: 2020-08-24 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020011Description:
This article examines whether the increased selection of economic immigrants from among temporary foreign workers accounted for the recent improvement in immigrants’ employment rates and entry earnings. Immigrants who were former temporary foreign workers, particularly those with medium or high levels of pre-immigration Canadian earnings, had higher employment rates and earnings after immigration than other immigrants. The expansion of two step immigration selection was the driving force for the recent improvement in new immigrants’ labour market outcomes. It is the third of five articles on the two-step selection process.
Release date: 2020-07-22 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020006Description:
This paper examines the role of firm characteristics in accounting for the between-firm average employment earnings dispersion in the Canadian business sector between 2002 and 2015. It uses two decomposition methods to analyze the level of and changes in the between-firm average employment earnings dispersion by firm characteristics, such as productivity, globalization status (importing, exporting, foreign ownership), technology intensity, firm size, firm age, industry and geographic region.
Release date: 2020-02-20 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2020007Description:
The dispersion of earnings among workers may come from multiple sources. It may reflect differences in workers’ characteristics, such as education and experience. It may also be because workers are employed at different firms that pay differently. Recent studies from other countries have found that firms play an important role in explaining earnings disparities among workers, often through the link between productivity and pay. However, there has been no Canadian evidence on the link between the earnings dispersion and firm differences because of a lack of matched employer–employee data. This paper presents developments in the dispersion of individuals’ earnings in Canada and examines the potential of firm characteristics to account for this dispersion and changes in this dispersion in the post-2000 period using the Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
Release date: 2020-02-20
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