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Description:

The number of personnel in scientific and technological (S&T) activities in the federal government has declined by 15% since 1990-1991.

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Over two-thirds of Canada's gross domestic product (GDP) and three-quarters of employment result from service activity, and close to 60% of the measured reserach and development is performed in the service sector.

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The federal government is an essential player S&T activities in Canada in which it invests over five billion dollars each year. In addition to this direct investment, an additional $1.3 billion of assistance is provided through the federal R&D tax incentive program. This article examines regional differences in science and technology tax regimes in Canada.

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To understand the relationship between S&T skills and the labour market Statistics Canada has produced a study that provides insight into where S&T skills are deployed. As a group, the number of persons with S&T degrees, pegged at 5 million in 1996, has been growing five times faster than the number of non S&T degree holders. The highest concentrations of S&T graduates are in health (52.0% have S&T degrees), business services (38.1%), and construction (34.3%).

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During the summer of 1999, Statistics Canada conducted the second Survey of Intellectual Property Commercialization in the Higher Education Sector, which was designed to illuminate the overall process of intellectual property (IP) management. Over 100 universities, degree-granting colleges and affiliated research hospitals took part in this voluntary survey. The results show that over 60% of institutions are actively managing (identifying, protecting, promoting and/or commercializing) their IP. Within the last five years, 47% of institutions have filed a patent application and 32% have licensed their technologies, to generate over $21 million per annum in royalties. Universities also hold $55 million in equity in their 454 spin-off companies formed to date.

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This service bulletin presents federal government personnel (Full-Time Equivalent - FTE*) engaged in S&T activities. Data on federal government expenditures on S&T are found in Volume 23, No. 5 of this publication.

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This paper examines how several factors contribute to innovative activity in the Canadian manufacturing sector. First, it investigates the extent to which intellectual property right protection stimulates innovation. Second, it examines the contribution that R&D makes to innovation. Third, it considers the importance of various competencies in the area of marketing, human resource, technology and production to the innovation process. Fourth, it examines the extent to which a larger firm size and less competition serve to stimulate competition-the so-called Schumpeterian hypothesis. Fifth, the effect of the nationality of a firm on innovation is also investigated. Finally, the paper examines the effect of an industry's environment on a firm's ability to innovate.

Several findings are of note. First, the relationship between innovation and patent use is found to be much stronger going from innovation to patent use than from patent use to innovation. Firms that innovate take out patents; but firms and industries that make more intensive use of patents do not tend to produce more innovations. Second, while R&D is important, developing capabilities in other areas, such as technological competency and marketing, is also important. Third, size effects are significant. The largest firms tend to be more innovative. As for competition, intermediate levels of competition are the most conducive to innovation. Fourth, foreign-controlled firms are not significantly more likely to innovate than domestic-controlled firms once differences in competencies have been taken into account. Fifth, the scientific infrastructure provided by university research is a significant determinant of innovation.

Description:

This paper explores differences between innovative and non-innovative establishments in business service industries. It focuses on small establishments that supply core technical inputs to other firms: establishments in computer and related services, engineering, and other scientific and technical services.

The analysis begins by examining the incidence of innovation within the small firm population. Forty percent of small businesses report introducing new or improved products, processes or organizational forms. Among these businesses, product innovation dominates over process or organizational change. A majority of these establishments reveal an ongoing commitment to innovation programs by introducing innovations on a regular basis. By contrast, businesses that do not introduce new or improved products, processes or organizational methods reveal little supporting evidence of innovation activity.

The paper then investigates differences in strategic intensity between innovative and non-innovative businesses. Innovators attach greater importance to financial management and capital acquisition. Innovators also place more emphasis on recruiting skilled labour and on promoting incentive compensation. These distinctions are sensible - among small firms in R&D-intensive industries, financing and human resource competencies play a critical role in the innovation process.

A final section examines whether the obstacles to innovation differ between innovators and non-innovators. Innovators are more likely to report difficulties related to market success, imitation, and skill restrictions. Evidence of learning-by-doing is more apparent within a multivariate framework. The probability of encountering risk-related obstacles and input restrictions is higher among establishments that engage in R&D and use intellectual property rights, both key elements of the innovation process. Many obstacles to innovation are also more apparent for businesses that stress financing, marketing, production or human resource strategies.

Description:

In studies of business innovation, the term innovation process is used to describe (i) the array of sources and objectives that culminate in the act of innovation, (ii) the set of market effects that result from innovation, and (iii) the obstacles that firms encounter when pursuing innovation strategies. An examination of the innovation process is thus designed to bring about a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics that innovative firms share, as well as of those characteristics that set innovators apart from other businesses. The Survey of Innovation, 1996 examined innovation in three dynamic service industries: communications, financial services, and technical business services.

This paper explores the principal findings to emerge from the Survey of Innovation, 1996. Two themes are apparent. In the first instance, many elements of the innovation process are common to all the service industries studied, such as an emphasis on product innovation, a strong customer orientation, and a commitment to service quality. Beyond these common elements, however, differences in competitive pressures across these industries serve to engender important differences in innovation strategies. Accordingly, much of what we can ultimately learn about the innovation process occurs at the industry level.

Description:

In 1999, the federal government expects to fund 19.4% of the R&D in Canada. Less and less of the government-funded R&D is taking place in government labs. Although overall spending on R&D will increase from $3.5 billion to $4.0 billion, the share of this going to the government research has dropped from 59% to 52%.

Description:

This table contains 30 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Revenue groups (10 items: Total revenue groups; Less than $250,000; $250,000 to $999,999; $1,000,000 to $1,999,999; ...).

Description:

This table contains 33 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Employment size (11 items: Total employment size; 1 to 4 employees; 5 to 9 employees; 10 to 19 employees; ...).

Description:

This table contains 24 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Research and development expenditure groups (8 items: Total research and development expenditure groups; Less than $50,000; $50,000 to $99,999; $100,000 to $249,999; ...).

Description:

This table contains 20475 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (13 items: Newfoundland and Labrador; Prince Edward Island; Nova Scotia; New Brunswick; ...) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Research and development characteristics (7 items: Total in-house research and development expenditures; Total current in-house research and development expenditures in Canada; Total capital in-house research and development expenditures in Canada; Total in-house research and development personnel; ...).

Description:

This table contains 5400 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Sources of funds (24 items: Total sources of funds; Total Canada; Funds from Canadian business enterprise sector; Funds from research and development performing companies (Canada); ...).

Description: This table contains 9450 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Field of research and development (42 items: Total in-house research and development expenditures in Canada by field of research and development; Natural sciences and engineering; Natural and formal sciences, computer sciences, and information technology and bioinformatics; Mathematics; ...).

Description:

This table contains 900 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Nature of research and development (4 items: Total in-house research and development expenditures in Canada; Basic research; Applied research; Experimental development).

Description:

This table contains 1575 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Research and development expenditure type units (3 items: Total in-house and outsourced research and development expenditures; In-house research and development expenditures; Outsourced research and development expenditures) Results of research and development expenditures from previous three years (7 items: Any improvements selected; Goods; Services; Methods of manufacturing or producing goods or services; ...) .

Description:

This table contains 10125 series, with data for years 2014 - 2017 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign) Location of recipients (3 items: Total location of recipients; Within Canada; Outside Canada) Sector of recipients (15 items: Total outsourced (contracted out or granted) payments for research and development performed by other organizations; Business enterprise sector; Parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies; Other companies; ...).

Description:

This table contains 30 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada);  Country of control (3 items: Total country of control; Canada; Foreign);  Revenue groups (10 items: Total revenue groups; Less than $250,000; $250,000 to $999,999; $1,000,000 to $1,999,999; ...).

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: This infographic focuses on innovation activities and international trade in Canada, based on data from the 2022 Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy. It presents the percentage of Canadian businesses that conducted innovation activities, the innovation rates for businesses that conducted innovation activities in 2022 and for businesses that did not conduct such activities, the percentage of Canadian businesses engaging in international trade, and the obstacles to exporting goods or services.

Description: This study provides experimental estimates of the number and percentage of workers in Canada potentially susceptible to AI-related job transformation based on the complementarity-adjusted AI occupational exposure index.

Description: Technology adoption is essential for improving the growth, productivity and competitiveness of businesses. This paper links two cycles (2017 and 2019) of the Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy with the Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database to study the use of advanced and emerging technologies by women- and men-owned businesses in Canada.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: In an age defined by innovation and technological advancement, robotics stands at the forefront of transformative change. This analysis uses the Survey of Advanced Technology (SAT) to examine and characterize the adoption of robotics technologies, the performance of robotics technologies adopters, the challenges encountered during the adoption process, and the strategies employed to overcome these challenges in Canadian businesses.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: This article highlights data and analysis at Statistics Canada that can be used to explore linkages between innovation, technology adoption and productivity. It draws on new estimates from the agency’s productivity research program, along with recent surveys that examine the innovation and technological stance of Canadian businesses.

Description: This presentation explores linkages between innovation, technology adoption and productivity. It highlights recent estimates of labour and multifactor productivity growth, drawing on recent surveys that can be used to profile the innovation and technological stance of Canadian businesses. It is intended to support ongoing research on the competitiveness of Canada’s economy.

Description: This classification system was developed conjointly by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and Statistics Canada which is the custodian. This shared standard classification, inspired by the Frascati Model 2015 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), will be used by the federal granting agencies and Statistics Canada to collect, and disseminate data related to research and development in Canada. The Canadian Research and Development Classification (CRDC) first official version was the 2020 Version 1.0, now being replaced by CRDC Version 2.0. The CRDC is revised within 2 years for minor changes, and every five years for major revisions. CRDC 2020 Version 2.0 is composed of 3 main pieces: the type of activity or TOA (with 3 categories), the field of research or FOR (with 1,671 fields at the lowest level) and socioeconomic objective or SEO (with 85 main groups at the lowest level).

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The concordance table provides a link between data tables and the survey questions from the Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy (SIBS).

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Summary of the technical workshop on Estimates of Research and Development in the Higher Education Sector (HERD), held in Ottawa on October 16, 2009. Data users and experts from universities and colleges, granting councils and provincial and federal government departments proposed general and detailed recommendations for the methodology applied in estimating the HERD.

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The issue of biotechnology in agriculture has generated much debate. This activity is designed to help students better understand biological systems for producing materials and their advantages over synthetic systems.

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This activity looks at the different ways in which technology is used on the farm.

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This report focusses on new studies that analyse information and communications technology industries, science-based industries, high-technology industries and firms, the knowledge-based economy, and knowledge workers.

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Statistics Canada's annual Economic Conference provides a forum for the exchange of empirical research among business, government, research and labour communities. The conference is also a means to promote economic and socio-economic analyses while subjecting existing data to critical assessment as part of an ongoing process of statistical development and review. This year's theme was Innovation in an Evolving Economy. At the May 6-7, 2002 conference there were 12 presentations, based directly on the analysis of Science, Innovation and Electronic Information Division (SIEID) data. These presentations were given by SIEID analysts, by Statistics Canada analysts in other groups, by facilitated access researchers and by analysts using published or commissioned estimates.

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The Quebec Institute of Statistics hosted a forum for Statistics Canada and provincial government experts dealing with the subject of science and technology statistics.

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This paper describes the experiences, the issues and the expectations of the many different players involved in the implementation of document imaging for the Canadian Census of Agriculture.

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Statistics Canada is engaged in a project "Information System for Science and Technology" which purpose is to develop useful indicators of activity and a framework to tie them together into a coherent picture of science and technology (S&T) in Canada. The Working papers series is used to publish results of the different initiatives conducted within this project. The produced data are related to the activities, linkages and outcomes of S&T. Several key areas are covered such as: innovation, technology diffusion, human resources in S&T and interrelations between different actors involved in S&T. This series also presents important data tabulations taken from regular surveys on R&D and S&T and made possible because of the existing Project.