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Description:

This paper examines the growth of human capital in Canadian and U.S. cities. Using pooled Census of Population data for 242 urban centres, we evaluate the link between long run employment growth and the supply of different types of skilled labour. The paper also examines whether the scientific capabilities of cities are influenced by amenities such as the size of the local cultural sector.

The first part of the paper investigates the contribution of broad and specialized forms of human capital to long-run employment growth. We differentiate between employed degree holders (a general measure of human capital) and degree holders employed in science and cultural occupations (specific measures of human capital). Our growth models investigate long-run changes in urban employment from 1980 to 2000, and control for other factors that have been posited to influence the growth of cities. These include estimates of the amenities that proxy differences in the attractiveness of urban areas.

The second part of the paper focuses specifically on a particular type of human capital'degree holders in science and engineering occupations. Our models evaluate the factors associated with the medium- and long-run growth of these occupations. Particular attention is placed on disentangling the relationships between science and engineering growth and other forms of human capital.

Description:

Until very recently, reliable data on the literacy of Aboriginal people in Canada have been scarce. The 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS) collected data from large enough samples of Aboriginal people living in urban areas in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, as well as Aboriginal people living in selected communities in the territories, to answer key questions about the literacy proficiency of these populations. The off-reserve Aboriginal population in Manitoba and Saskatchewan is comprised of significant proportions of individuals who self-identify as First Nations and Métis. The IALSS background questionnaire allows researchers to make distinctions on the basis of self-reported Aboriginal identity group.

This report uses data from the 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey to provide a profile of the level and distribution of adult literacy among the off-reserve First Nations and Métis populations residing in urban areas in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Literacy profiles are provided for males and females, for different age groups and by educational attainment. Finally, the article examines the literacy profiles of the employed and unemployed sub-groups within these populations.

Description:

Using 2006 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the marital status, common-law status, families, dwellings and households variables for urban areas.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as release components of profiles. These are made available with the major releases of variables of the census cycle, starting with age and sex. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Starting with the age and sex major day of release, and on major days of release thereafter, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area, census agglomeration and census tract levels, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including dissemination areas, urban areas, designated places and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the major days of release.

Description:

This study uses administrative tax data and the Survey of Financial Security to explore trends in the number and characteristics of high-income Canadians, as well as their wealth and effective income tax rates, from 1982 to 2004. The paper uses a range of thresholds to delineate high income and emphasizes statistics on the top 5%, 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% of tax filers.

The study found that an individual income of $89,000 was needed to be counted among the top 5% if income recipients in 2004. A family income of $154,000 would place one in the top 5% of families. The growth in incomes at the high end has been quite rapid while incomes of the majority of the population remained stable. Compared with the U.S., Canada had significantly fewer high-income recipients in 2004, and their incomes were considerably less. Higher-income individuals tend to be middle aged married males that live in the larger urban centres. While women have made up a larger portion on the top 5% of tax filers since 1982, they have not made gains in the very highest income groups. High income Canadians have roughly the same share of total wealth as they do of total income.

High income Canadians, in line with an increasing share of total income, have been paying an increasing share of total personal income taxes. Their share of total income increased from 21% to 25% between 1992 and 2004 while their share of income taxes paid increased from 30% to 36%. At the same time their effective tax rate dropped from 29% to 27%. Thus despite lower tax rates the increase in incomes was large enough, when combined with the progressive tax system, to result in an increased share of total taxes paid by high income Canadians. There is considerable heterogeneity in effective tax rates at the individual level with some high income individuals facing an effective tax rate of over 45%, while some pay as little as 10%. The proportion of tax filers, across the income distribution, who pay zero taxes decreased between 1992 and 2004.

Description:

This paper examines the extent of the culture workforce in cities and rural areas across Canada.

Description:

This paper quantifies and assesses the role of culture employment in urban settings in Canada and the United States over the past two decades.

Description:

Using 2006 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the age and sex variables for urban areas.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as release components of profiles. These are made available with the major releases of variables of the census cycle, starting with age and sex. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Starting with the age and sex major day of release, and on major days of release thereafter, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area, census agglomeration and census tract levels, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including dissemination areas, urban areas, designated places and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the major days of release.

Description:

This bulletin extends the analysis to present selected socioeconomic characteristics of the population by type of watershed. This analysis is based on Statistics Canada's 2001 Census of Population data tabulated according to drainage sub-basins.

Description:

This Juristat presents a comparative analysis of police-reported crime statistics in large urban, small urban and rural areas. It examines overall crime rates as well as the specific offences of homicide, robbery, break-ins and motor vehicle theft in these three geographic areas. Data on the most serious weapon present in violent crimes and victim-offender relationships are likewise analyzed. The report also features the perception of the residents of large urban, small urban and rural areas regarding their safety from crime and the job being done by the police, as well as precautionary measures taken. The 2005 Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and the 2004 General Social Survey on victimization are used as data sources.

Description:

If low fertility, aging, demographic growth and ethnocultural diversity are phenomena that accurately describe Canada overall, the same patterns may not necessarily hold true for urban and rural areas. The rhythm and sources of demographic growth have often been significantly different from one area to the next, which would suggest that the situation across Canada stems from the aggregation of different demographies, which are variable between types of regions.

The objective of this study is to examine demographic differences between urban and rural areas in Canada by analyzing communities along a gradient ranging from the largest metropolitan regions to the most rural areas. Applying a geographic structure to Census data from 1971 to 2001 that maintains constant borders over time, the authors analyze population growth across eight types of urban and rural regions; as well as the contribution of immigration, fertility and internal migration to growth differentials; and the consequences of these observed demographic differences in terms of aging and ethnocultural diversity.

The study finds that growth is concentrated in the most metropolitan areas in the country and in the rural areas on which they have a strong influence, and diminished as the degree of rurality increases. Internal migration between the different types of areas has largely contributed to this differential growth: the most urbanized areas-with the exception of Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver-underwent significant migratory gains as well as strong growth. This was also the case with the rural regions that had a strong metropolitan influence. The most rural regions experienced a weak demographic growth, in some cases a decline, despite having higher fertility than other regions. The strong growth in the three largest urban areas in Canada-Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver-is largely attributed to the high numbers of international immigrants who decided to settle there. The concentration of newcomers in these regions helped increase the gap between these three areas and the rest of the country in terms of ethnocultural diversity.

Description:

Crime statistics for 2003 were first released in July 2004. Canadian crime statistics, 2003, released today, presents additional detailed information. Standard crime tables are presented for Canada, the provinces and territories, and all census metropolitan areas. Also included in the publication is a set of 20 tables from the Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, based on data collected from 122 police departments in nine provinces that dealt with 61% of the national volume of police-reported crime. These tables examine the characteristics of the victims and the accused (their age and sex, the relationship of the accused to the victim, level of injury and weapon causing injury), as well as the criminal incident itself (location of the incident, target of violation, presence of weapons and type of property stolen).

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of religion, income of individuals, families and households, social and economic characteristics of individuals, families and households and shelter costs for urban areas.

On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the school attendance, education, field of study, highest level of schooling and earnings variables for urban areas.

On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the labour force activity, class of worker, occupation, industry, place of work, mode of transportation, language of work and unpaid work variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the citizenship, immigration, birthplace, generation status, ethnic origin, visible minorities and Aboriginal peoples variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

The Family food expenditure in Canada publication provides detailed and summary information on food expenditure by household. Food items purchased from stores and meals bought from restaurants are presented separately. Summary food items purchased from stores include: fresh and frozen meat and poultry; fish; dairy products - milk, cheese; eggs; bakery and cereal products - bread, cookies, cakes; pasta products; breakfast cereal; fresh fruit; other prepared fruit; fresh vegetables; other prepared vegetables; condiments; sugar; coffee and tea; fats and oils; other prepared foods - soups, potato chips; and non-alcoholic beverages. Also, total food purchased from stores is shown by type of store - supermarkets, food specialty stores, convenience stores and other stores. Meals purchased from restaurants are presented as follows: breakfasts, lunches, dinners and between-meals food. Food expenditures are profiled by size and type of household and other household characteristics. Discussions of food purchasing patterns over the years, who goes grocery shopping, who eats out and who buys diary products are included. Information about household income is presented by income group and income quintile.

Summary and detailed information for the provinces (excluding the North West Territories and the Yukon Territory), selected metropolitan areas (including Whitehorse and Yellowknife) and size of area of residence is presented. Detailed expenditure information and cross-classified tables for all levels of geography are available upon request.

Description:

This topic presents data on the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and their demographic characteristics. These data show the growth of the Aboriginal population, the age characteristics, Aboriginal languages, the living arrangements of Aboriginal children, the geographic mobility of Aboriginal people and where they live. Data are also provided on the North American Indians, Métis and Inuit.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Description:

This analytic document presents new information from the 2001 Census on the ethnocultural portrait of Canada. The analysis is divided into three themes: historical and recent immigration trends; growth and composition of the visible minority population; and ethnic origins of the population. The immigration theme also focusses on the characteristics and settlement patterns of immigrants who came to Canada in the past 10 years, that is, the 1990 immigrants. These three themes are examined at the national and provincial/territorial geographical levels and for census metropolitan areas.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the languages, mobility and migration variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the marital status and common-law status variables for urban areas.On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description: This bulletin groups watersheds according to the share of their population that is designated as "census rural" in order to profile the rural versus urban demographic structure of watersheds across Canada.

Description:

This report reviews the literature related to the spatial variation of skills and human capital and its implication for local innovation capacity and economic development. The report develops around three major themes 1) skills and human capital; 2) innovation and technological change; and 3) growth.

Description:

Drawing on data from the Census and from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, this article examines the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the Aboriginal population residing in selected CMAs over the 1981 to 2001 period. The focus is on trends in educational attainment among the Aboriginal population and how those trends compare to those observed for the non-Aboriginal population.

Description:

This bulletin uses General Social Survey (GSS), cycle 17 data to examine various aspects of social engagement, social cohesion and social participation.

Description:

The report examined the location of jobs in 27 census metropolitan areas, paying particular attention to developments in Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa-Hull, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver. It also analysed the modes commuters used to travel to work, emphasising public transit and car (as driver or passenger) commute modes.

While Canadian metropolitan areas continue to be characterized by a strong concentration of jobs in the downtown core, employment grew faster in the suburbs of Canada's largest metropolitan areas than in the city centres between 1996 and 2001. One characteristic of increasing employment in suburban locations is the shifting of manufacturing activities from the core of the city to the suburbs. Retail trade also shifted away from the central core towards more suburban locations. Relatively few workers employed outside the city centre commuted on public transit, rather, most drove or were a passenger in a car. This tendency to commute by car increased the farther the job was located from the city centre.

Furthermore commute patterns have become more complex, with growth in suburb-to-suburb commutes outpacing traditional commute paths within the city centre, and between the city centre and suburbs. Commuters travelling from suburb to suburb were also much more likely to drive than take public transit.

Despite the decentralization of jobs occurring in the metropolitan areas, public transit did not lose its share of commuters between 1996 and 2001. While more car traffic headed to jobs in the suburbs, a larger share of commuters heading for the city centre took public transit. This kept the total share of commuters who took public transit stable between 1996 and 2001.

The report also found that jobs in the downtown core were higher skilled and higher paid, and that earnings increased faster for jobs in the city centre between 1996 and 2001.

The report uses the 1996 and 2001 censuses of Canada.

Description:

This study documents the number and characteristics of growing, stable and declining communities and regions between 1981 and 2001 and puts them into a geographical perspective in terms of the degree of rurality.

Description:

For the purposes of this study, eight environmental management systems (EMSs) were considered: whole farm environmental plan; manure management plan; fertilizer management plan; pesticide management plan; water management plan; wildlife conservation plan; grazing management plan, and nutrient management plan.

The information on the use of farm environmental plans was obtained from the Farm Environmental Management Survey (FEMS) conducted in 2001 by Statistics Canada and sponsored in part by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Description:

The report examines employment, unemployment, work activity, earnings, industrial structure, industry concentration and diversity, and human capital and population growth due to immigration and inter-CMA mobility in Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) between 1981 and 2001.

Employment and unemployment rates of Census Metropolitan Area residents in 2001 were at similar levels as twenty years earlier. This despite major changes in the structure of urban economies and in particular the declining importance of manufacturing, and rising employment of business services industries.

The labour market strength of Canada's largest urban areas varied tremendously in 2001, although the difference between the CMAs with the strongest and weakest labour markets had declined since 1981.

Immigrants, low-paid workers and young workers lost ground in the labour market between 1981 and 2001. Over the same period women made gains in employment and earnings relative to men.

University degree holders were highly concentrated in CMAs in 2001. Recent immigrants made a substantial contribution to the growth in the human capital pool in some CMAs between 1996 and 2001. Many small CMAs lost highly educated and young persons to larger CMAs over the same period.

The report uses the 1981, 1991, and 2001 censuses of Canada, and the 1987-2003 Labour Force Survey.

Description:

Statistics Canada has been publishing data on low-income Canadians for more than 30 years. In the past, these measures were published separately in Low income cut-offs (Catalogue no. 13-551-XPB) and Low income measures, low-income after-tax cut-offs and low-income after-tax measures (Catalogue no. 13F0019-XPB). Henceforth, all these measures will be incorporated in this publication.

As well as the various cut-offs, this publication contains a detailed description of the methods used to arrive at the cut-off points. There is also an explanation of how base years are defined, and how the cut-offs are updated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Description:

This bulletin investigates the spatial distribution of occupational structure and its change between 1991 and 2001.

Description: This product contains contiguously settled area (CSA) boundaries for a subset of Canadian population centres for 2010 and 2020 with user documentation. The CSA boundaries are derived from land cover data and represent the geographic extent of settled areas based on their physical footprint on the landscape. The boundaries can be used for reference, mapping and spatial analysis of settled areas and urban ecosystems. The CSA boundaries are created and maintained under the umbrella of the Census of Environment, and will support Statistics Canada's ecosystem accounting efforts.

Description:

The Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) provides a systematic classification structure that categorizes all of the geographic area of Canada. The SGC is the official classification used in the Census of Population and other Statistics Canada surveys.

The classification is organized in two volumes: Volume I, The Classification and Volume II, Reference Maps.

Volume I describes the classification and related standard geographic areas and place names. It provides names and codes for the geographical regions of Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions (counties, regional municipalities) and census subdivisions (municipalities). The names and codes for census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census metropolitan influenced zones, economic regions, census agricultural regions and census consolidated subdivisions are shown in the classification variants of the SGC. Volume I explains the changes between the current version of the SGC and the previous version that impact upon the classification, such as changes in name, type or code, and indicates how the new and old codes relate to one another.

Reference maps showing the locations and boundaries of the standard geographic areas in the classification are in Volume II, Reference Maps

Description:

The Urban Area Boundary Files portray the urban area boundaries for which 2006 Census data are disseminated. An urban area has a minimum population concentration of 1,000 persons and a population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometre, based on the current census population count. The files contain the boundaries of all 895 urban areas defined for the 2006 Census.

There are two types of boundary files: digital and cartographic. Digital files depict the full extent of the geographical areas, including the coastal water area. Cartographic files depict the geographical areas using only the major land mass of Canada and its coastal islands. The files provide a framework for mapping and spatial analysis using commercially available geographic information systems (GIS) or other mapping software. They are positionally consistent with the 2006 Road Network File, which can provide additional geographic context for mapping applications.

The Urban Area Boundary Files are in latitude/longitude coordinates and are based on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). A reference guide is available (92-160-GWE).

Description:

The historical tight overlap between "rural" and "agriculture" no longer exists - at least in a demographic (or "jobs") sense. The purpose of this working paper is to document the changing nature of this overlap.

Description:

The Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) is a system of names and codes representing areas of Canada. It consists of a three-tiered hierarchy - province or territory, census division, and census subdivision. This relationship is reflected in the seven-digit code. The SGC is used to identify information for particular geographical areas and to tabulate statistics. This volume is designed as a reference and coding manual. It contains tables of SGC units with their names and codes, as well as tables of metropolitan areas. This preliminary version of Volume I will be followed in January 2007 by the final version.

Description:

This activity looks at the competition between agriculture and urban development for land around urban centres and the difficulties and advantages of farming close to urban areas. The pressure to build more housing in urban areas is strong, but such development takes some of Canada's best farmland out of production permanently. Should decisions on how this land is used be left solely to the market? Students will debate the issue.

Description:

The set of Dissemination Area Reference Maps by Non-tracted Census Agglomeration covers the smaller census agglomerations that are not part of the census tract program. Each map in the set covers one census agglomeration (CA) and shows the boundaries and codes of dissemination areas within that CA. The maps also show the boundaries of census subdivisions (municipalities), as well as urban areas, and representative points for designated places. The maps include background information such as rivers, lakes, railroad tracks and provincial boundaries, and other significant features.There are 173 maps in this set - between one and four maps per census agglomeration.. Some maps include insets to show detail for the congested areas. These insets appear on the main map where possible, but in some cases it appears on a second map sheet. The maps vary in scale and size, the maximum dimensions being approximately 91 cm by 101 cm (36 inches by 40 inches). A reference guide is available (Catalogue No. 92F0146GIE).Dissemination area reference maps are also available for census tract for large urban centres, that is, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (92F0146XCB, 92F0146XIB, 92F0146XPB), and by census division for areas outside census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (92F0148XCB, 92F0148XIB, 92F0148XPB). Together, the three sets of dissemination area maps cover all of Canada.

Description:

This document provides a detailed description of the methodology of the Survey of Household Spending. Topics covered include: target population; sample design; data collection; data processing; weighting and estimation; estimation of sampling error; and data suppression and confidentiality.

Description:

Time series studies have shown associations between air pollution concentrations and morbidity and mortality. These studies have largely been conducted within single cities, and with varying methods. Critics of these studies have questioned the validity of the data sets used and the statistical techniques applied to them; the critics have noted inconsistencies in findings among studies and even in independent re-analyses of data from the same city. In this paper we review some of the statistical methods used to analyze a subset of a national data base of air pollution, mortality and weather assembled during the National Morbidity and Mortality Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS).

Description:

This paper describes the issues around updating the low income cut-offs as well as Statistics Canada's findings and proposes a course of action.