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- 1. The Growth of Earnings Inequality in Canada ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M1996008Description:
This paper studies the growth in inequality in weekly earnings in Canada and the factors that contribute to it.
Release date: 1997-12-31 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M1996009Description:
In this paper, we examine the predictors of an individual's ability to access occupations offering autonomy and authority in the workplace. This paper uses results from analysis of data from the 1993 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics and the 1994 General Social Survey.
Release date: 1997-12-31 - 3. Employee Training: An International Perspective ArchivedArticles and reports: 89-552-M1997002Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines full-time paid workers between the ages of 25 and 60 in Canada, the United States, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany and Sweden.
Release date: 1997-12-12 - 4. Working more? Less? What do workers prefer? ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970043384Geography: CanadaDescription:
Although two-thirds of workers are satisfied with their hours, many of the remainder would prefer to work more hours for more pay. This article analyzes work hour preferences by sex, province, job characteristics and family situation. (Adapted froman Analytical Studies Branch research paper published in May1997.)
Release date: 1997-12-10 - Articles and reports: 75-001-X19970043386Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article traces union membership over the last 30 years. Itlooks at current demographic and labour market characteristics of union members, as well as wages, benefits and work arrangements of both union and non-union members. Also examined are wage increases vis-à-vis inflation rates, and the state of labour unrest over the past two decades. An international look at union rates is also provided. (This is an updated version of an article released shortly before Labour Day this year.)
Release date: 1997-12-10 - 6. The Importance of Research and Development for Innovation in Small and Large Canadian Manufacturing Firms ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1997107Geography: CanadaDescription:
The debate over the appropriate function of government policy for research and development (R&D) subsidies brings into focus the different roles that are played by large and small firms in the innovation process. Small firms, it is often claimed, have different tendencies to use R&D facilities than large firms and, therefore, require the development of special programs that are directed at this sector. This paper examines the differences in the innovation profiles of small and large firms, and how R&D intensity and efficacy varies across different size classes. It investigates the contribution that R&D makes to success in the small and medium-sized population and the types of policies that small firms feel are the most appropriate to reduce the impediments to innovation that they face.
The paper finds a number of differences between large and small firms in the tendency to innovate and to use R&D facilities. Small firms can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of firms that resemble large firms in that they perform R&D and generate new products and processes primarily through their own efforts. The second are those who rely upon customers and suppliers for their sources of ideas for innovation. Large firms, by way of contrast, tend to rely more heavily on R&D. While they too rely on networks for ideas, their networks focus more heavily on relationships with other firms that belong to the same firm.
Most of the differences between small and large firms are explained by the fact that firms of different sizes specialize in different parts of the production process. Firms of different sizes serve different niches; they each have their own advantages. Small firms are more flexible but can suffer from cost disadvantages due to scale. They overcome their disadvantages by networking with their customers and by showing the same flexibility in their R&D process that they exhibit elsewhere. They rely less on dedicated R&D facilities and more on the flexible exploitation of R&D as opportunities arise. They also network with customers in order to adopt their suggestions for new innovations.
Release date: 1997-09-17 - 7. Non-permanent paid work ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970033206Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article compares permanent and non-permanent jobs. It looks at wages, hours, benefits and work schedules, among other aspects. The definition of non-permanent work arrangements, the diversity of these jobs, and the characteristics of the workers are also considered.
Release date: 1997-09-10 - 8. An overview of permanent layoffs ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970033209Geography: CanadaDescription:
Many Canadians believe that job instability and job loss have increased in the 1990s. Using a new longitudinal data source, this article explores the role of the business cycle, changes in industrial demand, and firm size in the growth in permanent layoffs. An overview of the work displacement process is also included. (Adapted from an article in Canadian Economic Observer, February 1997.)
Release date: 1997-09-10 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996093Geography: CanadaDescription:
The statistical observation that small firms have created the majority of new jobs during the 1980s has had a tremendous influence on public policy. Governmentshave looked to the small firm sector for employment growth, and have promoted policies to augment this expansion. However, recent research in the US suggeststhat net job creation in the small firm sector may have been overestimated, relative to that in large firms. The first part of this paper addresses various measurement issues raised in the recent research, and uses a very unique Canadian longitudinal data set thatencompasses all companies in the Canadian economy to reassess the issue of job creation by firm size. We conclude that over the 1978-92 period, for both theentire Canadian economy and the manufacturing sector, the growth rate of net and gross employment decreases monotonically as the size of firm increases, no matterwhich method of sizing firms is used. Measurement does matter, however, as the magnitude of the difference in the growth rates of small and large firms is verysensitive to the measurement approaches used. Part one of the paper also produces results for various industrial sectors, and examines employment growth inexisting small and large firms (i.e., excluding births). It is found that employment growth in the population of existing small and large firms is very similar. Finallyattempts are made to introduce a job quality aspect to the numbers by using payroll distributions rather than employment. The net and gross rates of increase anddecrease in payrolls by firm size are found to be only marginally different than those of employment. The second part of the paper looks at concentration of employment creation and destruction within size classes. This is relevant because if growth is highlyconcentrated, knowing that a firm is small will provide little information about its prospects for growth. Most small firms would grow relatively little, or decline, whilea few expanded a lot. It is found that both job creation and destruction is highly concentrated among relatively few firms in all size groups, but it is greater amongsmall and mid-sized companies than large. Finally attempts are made to correlate the performance of businesses over two three-year periods. It is found thatknowing that a firm is a high performer (in terms of jobs created) over one period is of only limited value in determining growth in the second period. This isparticularly true among small firms. These results suggest that firms which expand rapidly during one period are replaced to some considerable degree by others inthe subsequent period.
Release date: 1997-07-17 - 10. Job-related education and training - Who has access? ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-003-X19970013089Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article focuses on the incidence of job-related education and training among the population and among workers, differentiating whether or not the training activities were employer-supported. It also explores the likelihood of receiving job-related education and training in 1993 using two complementary statistical approaches: first, a direct reading of the distribution of participants in education and training compared with the distribution of the population, divided by major characteristics; and, second, the use of a statistical technique (logistic regression) that considers each characteristic while taking others into account. In the analysis, several characteristics were retained: four demographic characteristics (sex, age, educational attainment and province of residence) and seven labour market variables (labour market status, occupation, industry, job tenure, company size, total income and union status). (For the logistic regression analysis, all these variables were decomposed into a series of dichotomous variables).
Release date: 1997-05-30
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Analysis (12)
Analysis (12) (0 to 10 of 12 results)
- 1. The Growth of Earnings Inequality in Canada ArchivedArticles and reports: 75F0002M1996008Description:
This paper studies the growth in inequality in weekly earnings in Canada and the factors that contribute to it.
Release date: 1997-12-31 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M1996009Description:
In this paper, we examine the predictors of an individual's ability to access occupations offering autonomy and authority in the workplace. This paper uses results from analysis of data from the 1993 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics and the 1994 General Social Survey.
Release date: 1997-12-31 - 3. Employee Training: An International Perspective ArchivedArticles and reports: 89-552-M1997002Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines full-time paid workers between the ages of 25 and 60 in Canada, the United States, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany and Sweden.
Release date: 1997-12-12 - 4. Working more? Less? What do workers prefer? ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970043384Geography: CanadaDescription:
Although two-thirds of workers are satisfied with their hours, many of the remainder would prefer to work more hours for more pay. This article analyzes work hour preferences by sex, province, job characteristics and family situation. (Adapted froman Analytical Studies Branch research paper published in May1997.)
Release date: 1997-12-10 - Articles and reports: 75-001-X19970043386Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article traces union membership over the last 30 years. Itlooks at current demographic and labour market characteristics of union members, as well as wages, benefits and work arrangements of both union and non-union members. Also examined are wage increases vis-à-vis inflation rates, and the state of labour unrest over the past two decades. An international look at union rates is also provided. (This is an updated version of an article released shortly before Labour Day this year.)
Release date: 1997-12-10 - 6. The Importance of Research and Development for Innovation in Small and Large Canadian Manufacturing Firms ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1997107Geography: CanadaDescription:
The debate over the appropriate function of government policy for research and development (R&D) subsidies brings into focus the different roles that are played by large and small firms in the innovation process. Small firms, it is often claimed, have different tendencies to use R&D facilities than large firms and, therefore, require the development of special programs that are directed at this sector. This paper examines the differences in the innovation profiles of small and large firms, and how R&D intensity and efficacy varies across different size classes. It investigates the contribution that R&D makes to success in the small and medium-sized population and the types of policies that small firms feel are the most appropriate to reduce the impediments to innovation that they face.
The paper finds a number of differences between large and small firms in the tendency to innovate and to use R&D facilities. Small firms can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of firms that resemble large firms in that they perform R&D and generate new products and processes primarily through their own efforts. The second are those who rely upon customers and suppliers for their sources of ideas for innovation. Large firms, by way of contrast, tend to rely more heavily on R&D. While they too rely on networks for ideas, their networks focus more heavily on relationships with other firms that belong to the same firm.
Most of the differences between small and large firms are explained by the fact that firms of different sizes specialize in different parts of the production process. Firms of different sizes serve different niches; they each have their own advantages. Small firms are more flexible but can suffer from cost disadvantages due to scale. They overcome their disadvantages by networking with their customers and by showing the same flexibility in their R&D process that they exhibit elsewhere. They rely less on dedicated R&D facilities and more on the flexible exploitation of R&D as opportunities arise. They also network with customers in order to adopt their suggestions for new innovations.
Release date: 1997-09-17 - 7. Non-permanent paid work ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970033206Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article compares permanent and non-permanent jobs. It looks at wages, hours, benefits and work schedules, among other aspects. The definition of non-permanent work arrangements, the diversity of these jobs, and the characteristics of the workers are also considered.
Release date: 1997-09-10 - 8. An overview of permanent layoffs ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19970033209Geography: CanadaDescription:
Many Canadians believe that job instability and job loss have increased in the 1990s. Using a new longitudinal data source, this article explores the role of the business cycle, changes in industrial demand, and firm size in the growth in permanent layoffs. An overview of the work displacement process is also included. (Adapted from an article in Canadian Economic Observer, February 1997.)
Release date: 1997-09-10 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996093Geography: CanadaDescription:
The statistical observation that small firms have created the majority of new jobs during the 1980s has had a tremendous influence on public policy. Governmentshave looked to the small firm sector for employment growth, and have promoted policies to augment this expansion. However, recent research in the US suggeststhat net job creation in the small firm sector may have been overestimated, relative to that in large firms. The first part of this paper addresses various measurement issues raised in the recent research, and uses a very unique Canadian longitudinal data set thatencompasses all companies in the Canadian economy to reassess the issue of job creation by firm size. We conclude that over the 1978-92 period, for both theentire Canadian economy and the manufacturing sector, the growth rate of net and gross employment decreases monotonically as the size of firm increases, no matterwhich method of sizing firms is used. Measurement does matter, however, as the magnitude of the difference in the growth rates of small and large firms is verysensitive to the measurement approaches used. Part one of the paper also produces results for various industrial sectors, and examines employment growth inexisting small and large firms (i.e., excluding births). It is found that employment growth in the population of existing small and large firms is very similar. Finallyattempts are made to introduce a job quality aspect to the numbers by using payroll distributions rather than employment. The net and gross rates of increase anddecrease in payrolls by firm size are found to be only marginally different than those of employment. The second part of the paper looks at concentration of employment creation and destruction within size classes. This is relevant because if growth is highlyconcentrated, knowing that a firm is small will provide little information about its prospects for growth. Most small firms would grow relatively little, or decline, whilea few expanded a lot. It is found that both job creation and destruction is highly concentrated among relatively few firms in all size groups, but it is greater amongsmall and mid-sized companies than large. Finally attempts are made to correlate the performance of businesses over two three-year periods. It is found thatknowing that a firm is a high performer (in terms of jobs created) over one period is of only limited value in determining growth in the second period. This isparticularly true among small firms. These results suggest that firms which expand rapidly during one period are replaced to some considerable degree by others inthe subsequent period.
Release date: 1997-07-17 - 10. Job-related education and training - Who has access? ArchivedArticles and reports: 81-003-X19970013089Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article focuses on the incidence of job-related education and training among the population and among workers, differentiating whether or not the training activities were employer-supported. It also explores the likelihood of receiving job-related education and training in 1993 using two complementary statistical approaches: first, a direct reading of the distribution of participants in education and training compared with the distribution of the population, divided by major characteristics; and, second, the use of a statistical technique (logistic regression) that considers each characteristic while taking others into account. In the analysis, several characteristics were retained: four demographic characteristics (sex, age, educational attainment and province of residence) and seven labour market variables (labour market status, occupation, industry, job tenure, company size, total income and union status). (For the logistic regression analysis, all these variables were decomposed into a series of dichotomous variables).
Release date: 1997-05-30
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