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- 1. GIS update ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200910713232Geography: CanadaDescription:
The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) was established to provide low-income seniors with extra income. While simplification of the GIS application process and outreach efforts have increased take-up rates, some seniors are still missing out. This update explores the characteristics of eligible non-recipients.
Release date: 2009-09-18 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008306Geography: CanadaDescription:
Past research has shown that the Canadian pension system is relatively effective in helping seniors to stay out of poverty. However, the extent to which the pension system enables individuals and families to maintain living standards achieved during their working years after retirement (income security) is less well understood. To help fill this knowledge gap, we employ 20-year longitudinal data to track individuals as they move from age 55 through their retirement years. We use various measures of an individual's family income to study four main issues: change in income levels through retirement; the role that various income sources play in this change; variation in replacement rates through time and between poorer and richer individuals; and, finally, the degree of long-term stability in individual incomes. For workers with average incomes, family income falls after age 60, declines until age 68, and then stabilizes at approximately 80% of the income level they had at age 55. In contrast, low income individuals (those in the bottom income quintile) experience little change in income as they move from age 55 through the retirement years, largely because of the income maintenance effects of the public pension system. They experience high levels of individual income instability in their late 50s and early 60s, but income instability falls dramatically after retirement. Individuals in the top quintile experience substantially larger income declines in retirement so that income inequality within a cohort declines as the cohort ages. More recent groups of retirees are experiencing higher income levels than earlier cohorts, largely because of higher private pensions. Replacement rates have changed little among cohorts, however. Whether recent gains in income levels will persist in future cohorts is unknown since pension coverage has been falling among younger workers.
Release date: 2008-03-10 - 3. Cracking the RRSP nest egg ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610413161Geography: CanadaDescription:
A registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) constitutes a key component of retirement income planning in Canada. RRSPs allow individuals to save pre-tax dollars in a variety of investment instruments where interest, dividends and capital gains accrue tax free until the funds are withdrawn. However, the taxman will eventually receive his due. RRSPs must be converted into an annuity or a registered retirement income fund (RRIF) in the year the taxpayer turns 69, with prescribed minimum withdrawals starting the following year. RRSP withdrawals already generate significant tax revenues, estimated at over $4 billion in 2002. Although mandatory conversion affects mainly middle- and high-income earners, some low-income savers could have their means-tested social benefits reduced by the boost in income.
Release date: 2006-06-20 - 4. Canada's Retirement Income Programs ArchivedJournals and periodicals: 74-507-XGeography: CanadaDescription:
These products present extensive historical, up-to-date and detailed information covering the following topics: Old Age Security programs, registered pension plans (RPPs), registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs), trusteed pension funds, pension adjustment (PA), retirement compensation arrangements (RCAs), Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Quebec Pension Plan (QPP).
These products will be useful for a wide audience, including pension professionals (e.g., employee benefit and investment specialists), employers and policy analysts, as well as educational institutions whose curricula cover these increasingly important programs.
Important note: Please refer to the content note for specifics concerning the information available in each medium.
Release date: 2006-02-07 - 5. A C/QPP overview ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200410113110Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article takes a question-and-answer approach to provide some basic information about the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP), highlighting recent changes that may not be well understood. Also discussed is the increasing importance of C/QPP benefits for seniors in recent decades and the interaction of the plans with other income support programs.
Release date: 2004-03-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2000147Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper revisits trends in the level and distribution of income among Canadian seniors in the context of what is arguably the major source of change in these trends since the end of the seventies, the maturation of Canada's public and private earnings-related pension systems. The expanded role of earnings-related pensions in the 1980s and 1990s is largely the result of changes that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. The Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP) were implemented in 1966 and the first cohort to receive full C/QPP benefits turned 65 in 1976. Cohorts retiring after this period were also the beneficiaries of the expansion of private occupational pensions that took place between the 1950s and the 1970s. The author relies on a detailed decomposition of income by source to show that not only did the maturation of these earnings-related programs produce a substantial increase in average real incomes but also to a substantial reduction in income inequality among the elderly, due mainly to C/QPP benefits. Rising real incomes went disproportionately to lower income seniors contributing to the well-known decline in low-income rates among the elderly.
Release date: 2000-03-06 - 7. Seniors: a diverse group aging well ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X19980044421Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article highlights the key demographic and socio-economic characteristics of seniors in Canada.
Release date: 1999-03-11 - Articles and reports: 89-553-X19980014028Geography: CanadaDescription:
To gain a perspective on the issues that have and have not been covered by the authors I propose to note the key elements in the legacy that younger generations should hope to receive from their predecessors. In view of the comments that I will make later about the elderly I should make it clear that central aspects of the prevailing life cycle are taken as given : children live with a parent or parents and acquire education and skills until late adolescence or young adulthood when they enter the labour market and form their own household more or less at the same time.
Release date: 1998-11-05 - Articles and reports: 75-001-X1991003122Geography: CanadaDescription:
Is retirement a consequence of circumstances or a planned event? The trend towards early retirement is observed, and the incentives and responses to early retirement are discussed.
Release date: 1991-09-05 - 10. Retirement attitudes, plans and behaviour ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X199100367Geography: CanadaDescription:
As the Canadian population ages, the issues of retirement and pensions become increasingly important. The 1989 General Social Survey results are examined with a focus on Canadians opinions towards mandatory retirement, their retirement plans and pensions.
Release date: 1991-09-05
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- 1. GIS update ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200910713232Geography: CanadaDescription:
The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) was established to provide low-income seniors with extra income. While simplification of the GIS application process and outreach efforts have increased take-up rates, some seniors are still missing out. This update explores the characteristics of eligible non-recipients.
Release date: 2009-09-18 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008306Geography: CanadaDescription:
Past research has shown that the Canadian pension system is relatively effective in helping seniors to stay out of poverty. However, the extent to which the pension system enables individuals and families to maintain living standards achieved during their working years after retirement (income security) is less well understood. To help fill this knowledge gap, we employ 20-year longitudinal data to track individuals as they move from age 55 through their retirement years. We use various measures of an individual's family income to study four main issues: change in income levels through retirement; the role that various income sources play in this change; variation in replacement rates through time and between poorer and richer individuals; and, finally, the degree of long-term stability in individual incomes. For workers with average incomes, family income falls after age 60, declines until age 68, and then stabilizes at approximately 80% of the income level they had at age 55. In contrast, low income individuals (those in the bottom income quintile) experience little change in income as they move from age 55 through the retirement years, largely because of the income maintenance effects of the public pension system. They experience high levels of individual income instability in their late 50s and early 60s, but income instability falls dramatically after retirement. Individuals in the top quintile experience substantially larger income declines in retirement so that income inequality within a cohort declines as the cohort ages. More recent groups of retirees are experiencing higher income levels than earlier cohorts, largely because of higher private pensions. Replacement rates have changed little among cohorts, however. Whether recent gains in income levels will persist in future cohorts is unknown since pension coverage has been falling among younger workers.
Release date: 2008-03-10 - 3. Cracking the RRSP nest egg ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200610413161Geography: CanadaDescription:
A registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) constitutes a key component of retirement income planning in Canada. RRSPs allow individuals to save pre-tax dollars in a variety of investment instruments where interest, dividends and capital gains accrue tax free until the funds are withdrawn. However, the taxman will eventually receive his due. RRSPs must be converted into an annuity or a registered retirement income fund (RRIF) in the year the taxpayer turns 69, with prescribed minimum withdrawals starting the following year. RRSP withdrawals already generate significant tax revenues, estimated at over $4 billion in 2002. Although mandatory conversion affects mainly middle- and high-income earners, some low-income savers could have their means-tested social benefits reduced by the boost in income.
Release date: 2006-06-20 - 4. Canada's Retirement Income Programs ArchivedJournals and periodicals: 74-507-XGeography: CanadaDescription:
These products present extensive historical, up-to-date and detailed information covering the following topics: Old Age Security programs, registered pension plans (RPPs), registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs), trusteed pension funds, pension adjustment (PA), retirement compensation arrangements (RCAs), Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Quebec Pension Plan (QPP).
These products will be useful for a wide audience, including pension professionals (e.g., employee benefit and investment specialists), employers and policy analysts, as well as educational institutions whose curricula cover these increasingly important programs.
Important note: Please refer to the content note for specifics concerning the information available in each medium.
Release date: 2006-02-07 - 5. A C/QPP overview ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200410113110Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article takes a question-and-answer approach to provide some basic information about the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP), highlighting recent changes that may not be well understood. Also discussed is the increasing importance of C/QPP benefits for seniors in recent decades and the interaction of the plans with other income support programs.
Release date: 2004-03-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2000147Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper revisits trends in the level and distribution of income among Canadian seniors in the context of what is arguably the major source of change in these trends since the end of the seventies, the maturation of Canada's public and private earnings-related pension systems. The expanded role of earnings-related pensions in the 1980s and 1990s is largely the result of changes that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. The Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP) were implemented in 1966 and the first cohort to receive full C/QPP benefits turned 65 in 1976. Cohorts retiring after this period were also the beneficiaries of the expansion of private occupational pensions that took place between the 1950s and the 1970s. The author relies on a detailed decomposition of income by source to show that not only did the maturation of these earnings-related programs produce a substantial increase in average real incomes but also to a substantial reduction in income inequality among the elderly, due mainly to C/QPP benefits. Rising real incomes went disproportionately to lower income seniors contributing to the well-known decline in low-income rates among the elderly.
Release date: 2000-03-06 - 7. Seniors: a diverse group aging well ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X19980044421Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article highlights the key demographic and socio-economic characteristics of seniors in Canada.
Release date: 1999-03-11 - Articles and reports: 89-553-X19980014028Geography: CanadaDescription:
To gain a perspective on the issues that have and have not been covered by the authors I propose to note the key elements in the legacy that younger generations should hope to receive from their predecessors. In view of the comments that I will make later about the elderly I should make it clear that central aspects of the prevailing life cycle are taken as given : children live with a parent or parents and acquire education and skills until late adolescence or young adulthood when they enter the labour market and form their own household more or less at the same time.
Release date: 1998-11-05 - Articles and reports: 75-001-X1991003122Geography: CanadaDescription:
Is retirement a consequence of circumstances or a planned event? The trend towards early retirement is observed, and the incentives and responses to early retirement are discussed.
Release date: 1991-09-05 - 10. Retirement attitudes, plans and behaviour ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X199100367Geography: CanadaDescription:
As the Canadian population ages, the issues of retirement and pensions become increasingly important. The 1989 General Social Survey results are examined with a focus on Canadians opinions towards mandatory retirement, their retirement plans and pensions.
Release date: 1991-09-05
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