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- 11. Taking stock: the future of longitudinal surveys ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20050019469Description:
The 1990s was the decade of longitudinal surveys in Canada. The focus was squarely on the benefits that could be derived from the increased analytical power of longitudinal surveys. This presentation explores issues of insights gained, timeliness, data access, survey design, complexity, research capacity, survey governance and knowledge mobilisation. This presentation outlines some of the issues that are likely to be raised in any debate regarding longitudinal surveys.
Release date: 2007-03-02 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20050019474Description:
Missingness is a common feature of longitudinal studies. In recent years there has been considerable research devoted to the development of methods for the analysis of incomplete longitudinal data. One common practice is imputation by the " last observation carried forward" (LOCF) approach, in which values for missing responses are imputed using observations from the most recently completed assessment. In this talk I will first examine the performance of the LOCF approach where the generalized estimating equations (GEE) are employed as the inferential procedures.
Release date: 2007-03-02 - 13. Growth models: an interesting approach to study the evolution of the health status of the elderly ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X20050019491Geography: CanadaDescription:
Evaluating the impact of changes to services on the health status of frail elderly adults calls for longitudinal studies. Many subjects are however lost during follow-up because of the high incidence of death in this population. Traditional methods of repeated measures analysis are thus inappropriate since they ignore subjects with incomplete follow-up data. This leads to a considerable reduction in sample size and to biases.
Release date: 2007-03-02 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20050019492Description:
Although it is preferable to calculate population health indicators such as life expectancies in different health states based on health data from longitudinal surveys, they are almost always calculated using health data from cross-section surveys. One way of overcoming this challenge is to use health information collected retrospectively. This study is based on two major propositions. The first proposition is that population health indicators can be calculated using data with retrospective information on health. The second proposition is that estimates calculated based on such data would closely approximate estimates calculated based on data with current health information.
Release date: 2007-03-02 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2007289Geography: CanadaDescription:
The degree to which workers leave the country was a much-discussed issue in Canada - as elsewhere - in the latter part of the 1990s, although recent empirical evidence shows that it was not such a widespread phenomenon after all, and that rates of leaving have declined substantially in recent years. One aspect of the international mobility dynamic that has not yet been addressed, however, is the effect on individuals' earnings of leaving the country and then returning. The lack of empirical evidence on this issue stems principally from the unavailability of the kind of longitudinal data required for such an analysis. The contribution of this paper is to present evidence on how leaving and returning to Canada affects individuals' earnings based on an analysis carried out with the Longitudinal Administrative Database. The models estimated use movers' (relative) pre-departure profiles as the basis of comparison for their post-return (relative) earnings patterns in order to control for any pre-existing differences in the earnings profiles of movers and non-movers (while also controlling for other factors that affect individuals' earnings at any point in time).
Overall, those who leave the country have higher earnings than non-movers upon their returns, but most of these differences were already present in the pre-departure period. In terms of net earnings growth, individuals who were away for two to five years appear to do best, and enjoy earnings that are 12% higher in the five years following their return relative to their pre-departure levels (controlling for other factors), while those who leave for just one year have smaller gains, and those who spend longer periods abroad have lower (relative) earnings upon their returns as compared to before leaving (perhaps due to other events associated with their mobility patterns). Interestingly, these gains seem to be concentrated among those who had the lowest pre-move earnings levels (less than $60,000), while those higher up on the earnings ladder had smaller and more variable gains.
Release date: 2007-01-18
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- Articles and reports: 75F0002M2007007Description:
The Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), introduced in the 1993 reference year, is a longitudinal panel survey of individuals. The purpose of the survey is to measure changes in the economic well-being of individuals and the factors that influence these changes. SLID's sample is divided into two overlapping panels, each six years in length. Longitudinal surveys like SLID are complex due to the dynamic nature of the sample, which in turn is due to the ever-changing composition of households and families over the years. For each reference year, SLID produces two sets of weights: one is representative of the initial population (the longitudinal weights), while the other is representative of the current population (the cross-sectional weights). Since 2002, SLID has been producing a third set of weights which combines two panels that overlap to form a new longitudinal sample. The new weights are referred to as combined longitudinal weights.
For the production of the cross-sectional weights, SLID combines two independent samples and assigns a probability of selection to individuals who joined the sample after the panel was selected. Like cross-sectional weights, longitudinal weights are adjusted for non-response and influential values. In addition, the sample is adjusted to make it representative of the target population. The purpose of this document is to describe SLID's methodology for the longitudinal and cross-sectional weights, as well as to present problems that have been encountered, and solutions that have been proposed. For the purpose of illustration, results for the 2003 reference year are used. The methodology used to produce the combined longitudinal weights will not be presented in this document as there is a complete description in Naud (2004).
Release date: 2007-10-18 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20070019847Description:
We investigate the impact of cluster sampling on standard errors in the analysis of longitudinal survey data. We consider a widely used class of regression models for longitudinal data and a standard class of point estimators of a generalized least squares type. We argue theoretically that the impact of ignoring clustering in standard error estimation will tend to increase with the number of waves in the analysis, under some patterns of clustering which are realistic for many social surveys. The implication is that it is, in general, at least as important to allow for clustering in standard errors for longitudinal analyses as for cross-sectional analyses. We illustrate this theoretical argument with empirical evidence from a regression analysis of longitudinal data on gender role attitudes from the British Household Panel Survey. We also compare two approaches to variance estimation in the analysis of longitudinal survey data: a survey sampling approach based upon linearization and a multilevel modelling approach. We conclude that the impact of clustering can be seriously underestimated if it is simply handled by including an additive random effect to represent the clustering in a multilevel model.
Release date: 2007-06-28 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20070019848Description:
We investigate some modifications of the classical single-spell Cox model in order to handle multiple spells from the same individual when the data are collected in a longitudinal survey based on a complex sample design. One modification is the use of a design-based approach for the estimation of the model coefficients and their variances; in the variance estimation each individual is treated as a cluster of spells, bringing an extra stage of clustering into the survey design. Other modifications to the model allow a flexible specification of the baseline hazard to account for possibly differential dependence of hazard on the order and duration of successive spells, and also allow for differential effects of the covariates on the spells of different orders. These approaches are illustrated using data from the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID).
Release date: 2007-06-28 - 4. Trends in weight change among Canadian adults ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20060059633Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article examines how the pace of weight gain has changed among Canadian adults over the 1996/1997 to 2002/2003 period. The data are from the National Population Health Survey.
Release date: 2007-05-22 - 5. Marital breakdown and subsequent depression ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X20060059636Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article looks at the prevalence of depression among people who experienced a marital breakdown. It also examines other factors that might be associated with the risk of depression such as a change in income or in the level of social support. The data are from the 1994/1995 through 2004/2005 National Population Health Survey.
Release date: 2007-05-22 - 6. Marital Breakdown and Subsequent Depression ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-618-M2007006Geography: CanadaDescription:
This analysis examines the relationship between the dissolution of a marital or cohabitating relationship and subsequent depression among Canadians aged 20 to 64.
The article is based on data from the household component of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS). This longitudinal survey is conducted by Statistics Canada and has followed the same group of people every two years since 1994/1995.
Release date: 2007-05-22 - Articles and reports: 75F0002M2007003Description:
The Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) is a longitudinal survey initiated in 1993. The survey was designed to measure changes in the economic well-being of Canadians as well as the factors affecting these changes.
Sample surveys are subject to errors. As with all surveys conducted at Statistics Canada, considerable time and effort is taken to control such errors at every stage of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics. Nonetheless errors do occur. It is the policy at Statistics Canada to furnish users with measures of data quality so that the user is able to interpret the data properly. This report summarizes a set of quality measures that has been produced in an attempt to describe the overall quality of SLID data. Among the measures included in the report are sample composition and attrition rates, sampling errors, coverage errors in the form of slippage rates, response rates, tax permission and tax linkage rates, and imputation rates.
Release date: 2007-05-10 - Articles and reports: 11-008-X20070009627Geography: CanadaDescription:
This report examines immigrant settlement in terms of the subjective assessments and perceptions of immigrants themselves. Overall, it provides a broad overview of new immigrants' perceptions, with emphasis on their responses to a broad range of questions rather than a single issue. Differences are examined across a limited set of characteristics, with particular focus on admission categories.
Release date: 2007-04-30 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20050019467Description:
This paper reviews techniques for dealing with missing data from complex surveys when conducting longitudinal analysis. In addition to incurring the same types of missingness as cross sectional data, longitudinal observations also suffer from drop out missingness. For the purpose of analyzing longitudinal data, random effects models are most often used to account for the longitudinal nature of the data. However, there are difficulties in incorporating the complex design with typical multi-level models that are used in this type of longitudinal analysis, especially in the presence of drop-out missingness.
Release date: 2007-03-02 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X20050019468Description:
At the time of recruitment, the participants in a longitudinal survey are chosen to be representative of a population. As time goes on, typically some of the participants will drop out, and dropout may be informative in the sense of depending on the response variables of interest. However, even if dropout is minimal, the participants who continue to the second and third waves of a longitudinal survey may differ from those they supposedly represent in subtle ways. It is clearly important to take such possibilities into account when designing and analyzing longitudinal survey data before and after an intervention.
Release date: 2007-03-02
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