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- Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005004Geography: CanadaDescription:
Foreign control of a country's economic assets is of great interest to industry and policy makers alike. In 2002, foreign controlled exporting establishments operating in Canada represented about 10% of the total number of exporting establishments on Statistics Canada's Exporter Register. Total exports by those (foreign controlled) establishments in 2002 was in the amount of $155 billion - about half of the total exports in that year. It is contended that the lowering of barriers to trade with the U.S. has made it easier, not only for Canadian exporters to do business and invest in the U.S., but also for foreign enterprises to establish a physical presence in Canada in order to gain better access to the lucrative North American market. The paper examines to what extent the above contention is valid. The paper also examines the differences between industries, variation between countries, the diversity of export destinations and foreign control by province.
Release date: 2005-10-03 - 2. How Canada compares in the G8 ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200510613144Geography: CanadaDescription:
The G8 countries have only 13% of the world's population, but they account for 46% of the global economy. Despite being the smallest member of the group, Canada's GDP per capita puts it near the top of the economic ranking. This article presents selected indicators from various sources to describe how Canada compares with the other members of the G8, highlighting changes since the early 1990s.
Release date: 2005-09-21 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005003Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade statistics produced by one country will frequently differ from those produced by its trading partner(s) reflecting conceptual, definitional and reporting differences of the countries involved. This is evident with Canadian and Chinese merchandise trade numbers. Reconciled data show that Canada had a smaller trade deficit with China than official published Canadian numbers, while China had a larger surplus with Canada than official published Chinese statistics.
This paper examines the differences in trade statistics between the two countries and provides estimates to better reflect the actual trade in 2002 and 2003.
Release date: 2005-08-16 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005256Geography: CanadaDescription:
We investigate whether trade liberalization affects profitability and financial leverage, using Canadian data from the period following implementation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. We find that falling domestic tariffs are associated with declining profits and increasing leverage for import-competing firms, while falling foreign tariffs are associated with increasing profits and decreasing leverage for firms in export-oriented industries. This pattern is consistent with the "pecking order" theory of capital structure.
Release date: 2005-06-22 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005257Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled: Trade liberalization, profitability, and financial leverage. Changes in international trade policy may influence financial leverage, the relative importance of debt as opposed to equity in financing the firm, expressed by a debt-to-asset ratio. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate empirically whether trade liberalization has an impact on leverage. The second is to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on profitability. Changes in trade policy are a major part of the international business environment, and our theoretical formulation suggests that trade liberalization influences leverage largely through its effect on profits. Therefore, testing the link between liberalization and profits is a central test of our overall theoretical structure. The paper is divided into the following sections: four testable hypotheses regarding the possible effect of trade liberalization on profits and leverage; a description of the data set; empirical results and analysis; and concluding remarks.
Release date: 2005-06-22 - 6. Key Trends in Canada's International Trade in Machinery and Transport Equipment, 1980-2003 ArchivedArticles and reports: 65-507-M2005002Description:
The paper examines the data for the period from 1980 to 2003 on machinery and transport equipment, identifies some key trends in the data and explains those trends in light of major economic events of the last two decades.
Release date: 2005-06-21 - 7. Canada's trade and investment with China ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-010-X20050068037Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade with China continued to grow rapidly last year, with exports outstripping imports thanks to our natural resources. Some new patterns emerged, notably imports of auto parts and the first significant export of energy products. Despite soaring trade flows, direct investment remains low in both directions.
Release date: 2005-06-16 - 8. Canada's economic growth in review ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-010-X20050047828Geography: CanadaDescription:
Growth improved in 2004, part of the world economy having its best year in almost 3 decades. The boom in commodities and the rising loonie sent the trade surplus to a new record and helped investment snap out of a 3-year slump. Energy, especially the tar sands, was a focal point of the upturn in resources. Housing also enjoyed another good year. Growth was evenly spread, with no major industry or province posting a loss last year.
Release date: 2005-04-14 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2005031Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper studies the impact that a small country joining a regional trade agreement, but particularly a small country, might be expected to gain from the exploitation of scale economies. It makes use of the experience of Canada when it entered into the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in the early 1990s.
It finds that there was a general increase in the pace of plant commodity specialization around the time of implementation of the Free Trade Agreement. At the time of the treaty, plant diversity was found to be higher in larger plants and in industries with assets that are associated with scope economies. Diversity was also higher in industries that had higher rates of tariff protection.
Over the 1980s and 1990s, plant diversity decreased with reductions in both U.S. and Canadian tariffs. And the decline was greater during the post FTA era than before, thereby suggesting that this treaty had an impact above and beyond that just engendered by the tariff reductions that were associated with it. The study also found that foreign-controlled plants tended to adjust more over the entire period.
Release date: 2005-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-621-M2005022Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article investigates trends in international trade, production and employment in the textile and clothing industries, from 1992 to 2004. It also examines patterns of trade in textiles and clothing.
Release date: 2005-03-21
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- Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005004Geography: CanadaDescription:
Foreign control of a country's economic assets is of great interest to industry and policy makers alike. In 2002, foreign controlled exporting establishments operating in Canada represented about 10% of the total number of exporting establishments on Statistics Canada's Exporter Register. Total exports by those (foreign controlled) establishments in 2002 was in the amount of $155 billion - about half of the total exports in that year. It is contended that the lowering of barriers to trade with the U.S. has made it easier, not only for Canadian exporters to do business and invest in the U.S., but also for foreign enterprises to establish a physical presence in Canada in order to gain better access to the lucrative North American market. The paper examines to what extent the above contention is valid. The paper also examines the differences between industries, variation between countries, the diversity of export destinations and foreign control by province.
Release date: 2005-10-03 - 2. How Canada compares in the G8 ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X200510613144Geography: CanadaDescription:
The G8 countries have only 13% of the world's population, but they account for 46% of the global economy. Despite being the smallest member of the group, Canada's GDP per capita puts it near the top of the economic ranking. This article presents selected indicators from various sources to describe how Canada compares with the other members of the G8, highlighting changes since the early 1990s.
Release date: 2005-09-21 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005003Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade statistics produced by one country will frequently differ from those produced by its trading partner(s) reflecting conceptual, definitional and reporting differences of the countries involved. This is evident with Canadian and Chinese merchandise trade numbers. Reconciled data show that Canada had a smaller trade deficit with China than official published Canadian numbers, while China had a larger surplus with Canada than official published Chinese statistics.
This paper examines the differences in trade statistics between the two countries and provides estimates to better reflect the actual trade in 2002 and 2003.
Release date: 2005-08-16 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005256Geography: CanadaDescription:
We investigate whether trade liberalization affects profitability and financial leverage, using Canadian data from the period following implementation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. We find that falling domestic tariffs are associated with declining profits and increasing leverage for import-competing firms, while falling foreign tariffs are associated with increasing profits and decreasing leverage for firms in export-oriented industries. This pattern is consistent with the "pecking order" theory of capital structure.
Release date: 2005-06-22 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005257Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled: Trade liberalization, profitability, and financial leverage. Changes in international trade policy may influence financial leverage, the relative importance of debt as opposed to equity in financing the firm, expressed by a debt-to-asset ratio. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate empirically whether trade liberalization has an impact on leverage. The second is to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on profitability. Changes in trade policy are a major part of the international business environment, and our theoretical formulation suggests that trade liberalization influences leverage largely through its effect on profits. Therefore, testing the link between liberalization and profits is a central test of our overall theoretical structure. The paper is divided into the following sections: four testable hypotheses regarding the possible effect of trade liberalization on profits and leverage; a description of the data set; empirical results and analysis; and concluding remarks.
Release date: 2005-06-22 - 6. Key Trends in Canada's International Trade in Machinery and Transport Equipment, 1980-2003 ArchivedArticles and reports: 65-507-M2005002Description:
The paper examines the data for the period from 1980 to 2003 on machinery and transport equipment, identifies some key trends in the data and explains those trends in light of major economic events of the last two decades.
Release date: 2005-06-21 - 7. Canada's trade and investment with China ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-010-X20050068037Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade with China continued to grow rapidly last year, with exports outstripping imports thanks to our natural resources. Some new patterns emerged, notably imports of auto parts and the first significant export of energy products. Despite soaring trade flows, direct investment remains low in both directions.
Release date: 2005-06-16 - 8. Canada's economic growth in review ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-010-X20050047828Geography: CanadaDescription:
Growth improved in 2004, part of the world economy having its best year in almost 3 decades. The boom in commodities and the rising loonie sent the trade surplus to a new record and helped investment snap out of a 3-year slump. Energy, especially the tar sands, was a focal point of the upturn in resources. Housing also enjoyed another good year. Growth was evenly spread, with no major industry or province posting a loss last year.
Release date: 2005-04-14 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2005031Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper studies the impact that a small country joining a regional trade agreement, but particularly a small country, might be expected to gain from the exploitation of scale economies. It makes use of the experience of Canada when it entered into the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in the early 1990s.
It finds that there was a general increase in the pace of plant commodity specialization around the time of implementation of the Free Trade Agreement. At the time of the treaty, plant diversity was found to be higher in larger plants and in industries with assets that are associated with scope economies. Diversity was also higher in industries that had higher rates of tariff protection.
Over the 1980s and 1990s, plant diversity decreased with reductions in both U.S. and Canadian tariffs. And the decline was greater during the post FTA era than before, thereby suggesting that this treaty had an impact above and beyond that just engendered by the tariff reductions that were associated with it. The study also found that foreign-controlled plants tended to adjust more over the entire period.
Release date: 2005-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-621-M2005022Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article investigates trends in international trade, production and employment in the textile and clothing industries, from 1992 to 2004. It also examines patterns of trade in textiles and clothing.
Release date: 2005-03-21
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