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- Selected: Labour (28)
- Earnings, wages and non-wage benefits (6)
- Employment and unemployment (13)
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- 11. Work absence rates, 1995 ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032896Geography: Province or territoryDescription:
An update to Work Absence Rates, 1977 to 1994, this section presents 1995 absence rates of full-time paid workers by industry, occupation, province, age and sex. The annual incidence of absence, the inactivity rate and the number of days lost per worker for illness or disability and for personal or family responsibilities are provided.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 12. You wear it well: Health of older workers ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032897Geography: CanadaDescription:
Are Canadian workers aging well? This article looks at selected health indicators to determine whether the health of workers aged 50 to 64 differs much from that of workers aged 30 to 39. It also includes a brief comparison of employees with and without employer-sponsored health care coverage.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 13. A sure bet industry ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032898Geography: CanadaDescription:
Gambling is a growth industry that is creating new jobs and generating increasing revenue for government. This article explores the industry's employment growth and the characteristics of its workers and jobs, as well as the revenue generated by lotteries, casinos and video lottery terminals.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 14. Transfer payments to families with children ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032899Geography: CanadaDescription:
A look at trends in transfer payments to families from 1980 to 1994. How have these transfers responded to changes in business cycles and how effective have they been in raising two-parent and lone-parent families above the low income cut-offs?
Release date: 1996-09-03 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996094Geography: CanadaDescription:
In this paper we ask the three following questions : 1) even after controlling for cyclical effects, do new spells of low earnings now last longer than they used to? 2) once a male worker starts a new spell of low earnings, does he receive lower real annual wages now than his counterparts did in the mid-seventies? 3) has long-term inequality in earnings risen in the eighties? The answers to these questions are the following. First, even after taking account of the relatively high unemployment rates observed since the mid-eighties, it was harder for Canadian male workers, especially those aged 18-24, to move out of the bottom of the earnings distribution during the 1985-93 period than during the 1975-84 period. In other terms, new spells of low earnings now last longer for these workers. Second, real annual wages received by young males who went through a new spell of low earnings were significantly lower in 1985-93 than in 1975-84. Third, during the eighties, inequality in earnings cumulated over either six or ten years rose at the same pace as inequality in annual earnings.
Release date: 1996-08-30 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996096Geography: CanadaDescription:
Canadians are increasingly concerned about rising job instability. Job instability can take various forms and can be measured in numerous ways. As part of a comprehensive research effort to examine job instability, this paper uses the Longitudinal Worker File (LWF) on the separations of Canadian workers from 1978 to 1993 to assess one dimension of job instability - permanent layoffs. The key question addressed in the paper is "have permanent layoffs in Canada increased in the 1980s and early 1990s as compared to the late 1970s?". We examine the time trend of permanent layoffs first by looking at the permanent layoff rate, and then by logistic regressions to predict the probability of permanent layoffs. The analysis is undertaken for all workers as well as for particular sub-groups.
Created by many complex processes, permanent layoffs are an on-going feature of our economy and not as cyclically sensitive as quits and other means of workforce adjustments used by firms (i.e., temporary layoffs and hirings). Every year, over a million workers are permanently displaced from their jobs, no matter whether in recessions, recovery or expansionary periods. This is as true in the 1980s and early 1990s as in the late 1970s.
Permanent layoffs to 1993 have shown no overall sign of an upward trend when compared to earlier years which are comparable in the business cycle. This holds true whether using the raw data or after controlling for changes in the composition of the workforce by gender, age, province, industry and firm size. However, an increase in the probability of permanent layoffs is observed among some particular groups of workers, notably older or higher paid workers, those in the primary sector or in health, education and welfare services. We will have to wait for more recent data to evaluate trends beyond 1993.
The data further show that the Canadian labour market adjusts to structural changes more through depressed hirings than increased layoffs. While the risk of permanently losing one's job, to 1993 at leasts, is no higher than in earlier comparable periods, the chance of finding a new job is considerably lower, at least in the aggregate. Furthermore, most job creation in the 1990s has been self-employment, where earning may be more unstable than among paid jobs.
Release date: 1996-08-06 - 17. The marginally literate workforce ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960022887Geography: CanadaDescription:
This article, also based on the IALS, compares the literacy levels of workers aged 16 to 65 in Canada, the United States and Germany. Of particular interest are the low scores achieved by a significant minority of Canadian workers. As expected, a relationship exists between literacy skills, occupation and industry.
Release date: 1996-06-05 - 18. A job to die for ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960022889Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper looks at causes, counts and rates of work-related deaths by selected demographic and job characteristics. It also touches briefly on the financial cost of such fatalities.
Release date: 1996-06-05 - 19. Do earnings rise until retirement? ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960022890Geography: CanadaDescription:
Contrary to popular belief, the average earnings of men working full year full time seem to decline prior to retirement. This study explores several possible explanations for the unexpected pattern.
Release date: 1996-06-05 - 20. Productivity Growth, Plant Turnover and Restructuring in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1995087Geography: CanadaDescription:
Firm turnover occurs as firms gain and lose market share as part of the competitive struggle. The reallocation of market share from one group to another is associated with productivity gain as the less productive lose share and the more productive gain market share. This paper examines the extent to which productivity has been enhanced by firm turnover over the last twenty years. It focuses on the extent to which this process changed during the 1980s and thereby contributed to the slowdown in productivity growth that was experienced by the manufacturing sector.
Release date: 1996-05-06
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- 1. The diversity of managers ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960042923Geography: CanadaDescription:
Do all managers command high salaries and work long hours? According to Statistics Canada's Standard Occupational Classifications of 1980 and 1991, which this article describes, wide variations exist within "managerial" occupations.
Release date: 1996-12-03 - 2. Changes in job tenure ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960042924Geography: CanadaDescription:
While average job tenure has changed little since 1981, there has been an increased polarization between short- and long-term jobs throughout the economy. This study estimates the average length of a new job between 1981 and 1994, as well as the probability that new jobs of a certain length will continue. Analysis is by sex, age, region, educational attainment and industry. (Adapted from an article in Canadian Economic Observer, January 1996.)
Release date: 1996-12-03 - 3. Male registered nurses, 1995 ArchivedArticles and reports: 82-003-X19960022828Geography: Province or territoryDescription:
Men constitute a small minority of registered nurses (RNs) in Canada, but their numbers have risen sharply in the last decade. In 1995, almost 4% of RNs were men, up from just over 2% in 1985. The proportion of male nurses is particularly high in Quebec, where the 1995 figure was 8%. Some areas of nursing are more likely than others to employ male nurses: psychiatry, critical care, emergency care, and administration. By contrast, relatively few male RNs have jobs in maternal/newborn care, pediatrics, or community care. Rising male enrollement in college and university nursing programs suggests that men's representation in nursing will continue to rise. The older age profile of male nurses may indicate that some men are choosing nursing as a second career. As well, a shift in the age distribution of male nurses would seem to suggest that those who enter the profession tend to stay. This analysis of the demographic and employment characteristics of male nurses is based on information compiled annually in the Registered Nurses Database maintained by Statistics Canada. Figures on enrolment and graduation in nursing are collected by Statistics Canada as part of annual surveys.
Release date: 1996-11-18 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996095Geography: CanadaDescription:
Using monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey the author investigates changes in the complete lengths of new job spells from 1981 through 1994. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, changes in the distribution of complete job lengths suggest that there is an increase in the proportion of short-term jobs and a decrease in the proportion of medium term jobs created over the period. The proportion of long-term jobs remained unchanged. This pattern of change was found among all virtually all demographic subgroups examined suggesting that an economy wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.
Release date: 1996-11-07 - 5. Unemployment in the Stock and Flow ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1997097Geography: CanadaDescription:
A framework for the dynamic analysis of unemployment is presented, and applied to Canadian and U.S. data. The focus of the analysis is upon the distinctionbetween being unemployed and becoming unemployed, that is, between the stock and the flow of unemployment. The share of a particular group in the stock ofunemployed will differ from its share in the flow into unemployment to the extent that the average duration of unemployment for the group differs from the economywide average. An analysis of Canadian and U.S. data leads to a series of stylized facts that permit a deeper understanding of unemployment in the two countries, andof the differences between them. Significant differences in the average duration of unemployment imply that stock shares are not good indicators of flow shares,changes in the stock share of some groups are due to changes in the flow share, while for others they are due to changes in the length of unemployment spells.Explanations of the Canada - U.S. unemployment rate gap should try to accommodate at least three facts uncovered by the analysis: (1) that employer initiatedpermanent separations are the primary means of entry into unemployment in Canada, while labour force entry plays a more important role in the US; (2)unemployment spells are significantly longer in Canada than in the U.S. because of longer spells for most groups regardless of reason for unemployment, not becauseof a compositional difference in the make up of the unemployed; and (3) that longer spell duration and a higher incidence of unemployment contribute about equallyto the trend increase in the Canada - U.S. unemployment differential during the 1980s.
Release date: 1996-09-30 - 6. Were Small Producers the Engines of Growth in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector in the 1980s? ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M1996088Geography: CanadaDescription:
Small firms are often seen to be the engines of growth. There are two main sources of empirical evidence that are adduced to support this conclusion. The first is that job creation has been coming mainly from small firms. The second is that the share of employment accounted for by small firms has increased in the past two decades. Both of these sources rely on a simple metric--employment. This paper asks whether changes in this metric affect the view of the role that small firms play in the growth process.
The first section of the paper maintains employment as the measure that is used to evaluate the importance of small firms but modifies the raw measure of employment to correct for the fact that small firms pay lower wages than large firms. The paper examines the evidence indicating that smaller producers in the manufacturing sector pay lower wages and that this differential has grown over time. It then uses relative wage rates to create a measure of employment that is adjusted for wage differentials. When this is done, small producers no longer outperform large producers in terms of job creation over the 1970s and 1980s in the Canadian manufacturing sector.
The second section of the paper changes the metric used to evaluate relative performance by moving from employment to output and labour productivity. The paper demonstrates that while small producers have increased their employment share dramatically, they have barely changed their output share. Small firms have been falling behind large firms both with respect to wages paid and labour productivity. Large producers have been decreasing their relative employment while maintaining their relative output share, thereby making dramatic strides in increasing their relative labour productivity.
Release date: 1996-09-24 - 7. The labour market: Mid-year review [1996] ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032893Geography: CanadaDescription:
A look at the labour market and other economic indicators during the first six months of 1996.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 8. Work absences and compensation ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032894Geography: CanadaDescription:
Prolonged absences from work can have major financial consequences for both employees and employers. This article explores trends in absences of two weeks or more due to illness or accident. Sources of compensation received by employees are examined by industry sector.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 9. Dual-pensioner families ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032895Geography: CanadaDescription:
The number of dual-earner couples increased in the 1980s, but has this translated to more dual-pensioner families in the 1990s? The growth of husband-wife couples with both spouses receiving private pension benefits is compared with that of their single- and no-pensioner counterparts. Sources of pension income are also analyzed.
Release date: 1996-09-03 - 10. Work absence rates, 1995 ArchivedArticles and reports: 75-001-X19960032896Geography: Province or territoryDescription:
An update to Work Absence Rates, 1977 to 1994, this section presents 1995 absence rates of full-time paid workers by industry, occupation, province, age and sex. The annual incidence of absence, the inactivity rate and the number of days lost per worker for illness or disability and for personal or family responsibilities are provided.
Release date: 1996-09-03
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- 1. Another measure of employment ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75-001-X19960042907Geography: CanadaDescription:
The employment/population ratio is a good barometer of the state of the economy and an important though little-used labour market indicator. This article takes a look at the ratio's strengths and limitations, as well as its variation since 1946. Provincial and international comparisons are included.
Release date: 1996-12-03
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