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This release provides data on the research and development activities of the private non-profit sector. Although the contribution of this sector to the national research and development effort is small in dollar terms, (approximately 0.6% of the total research and development performed in Canada for 2001) its impact, particularly in the university and hospital sectors, is significant.

This paper compares six definitions of the word 'rural' from databases at Statistics Canada. Each definition emphasizes different criteria (population size, density, context) and has different associated thresholds. The size of the territorial units (building blocks) from which each definition is constructed also varies.

Businesses today are involved in a variety of practices aimed at preventing or reducing environmental degradation generated from their production activity. During the 1990s, the environmental regulation context changed. Increasingly, governments have relied on voluntary initiatives undertaken by businesses to reduce pollutants and waste, as opposed to regulations. However, at the same time, the federal authorities have undertaken to revise the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), in order to increase federal power for environmental regulation but with strong emphasis put on promoting pollution prevention. Consequently, businesses today are looking at alternative ways to limit impacts from their operations on the environment.

Environmental Management and Technologies in the Business Sector presents a profile of business demand for environmental processes and technologies, pollution prevention methods and environmental practices, such as environmental management systems and voluntary actions. What types of treatment processes are the most popular ones for reducing gas emissions, liquid, solid and hazardous waste, noise, radiation and vibration, for saving energy or for site reclamation? What is the market for environmental processes and technologies? What pollution prevention methods are used more frequently? What additional environmental practices have businesses adopted (for instance, are voluntary programs more popular than eco-labelling?)?

This paper is based on results from the Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures. For the first time, the survey asked detailed questions on the type of environmental process or technology used and the adoption of environmental practices. The paper is a complement to both 1996-1997 and 1998 Environmental Protection Expenditures in the Business Sector reports (Catalogue no. 16F0006XIE).

Cyber-crime is a global problem that in many instances transcends national borders. Historically, compiling meaningful statistics about this activity has been difficult because of the reluctance on the part of victims to report these offences to police. However, because of the financial losses sustained, an increasing number of these crimes are being reported to police. As a result, federal, provincial and territorial governments, as well as the police community, are interested in analyzing national trends on cyber-crime and their impact on Canadians.

In response to this need for information, the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) conducted a Special Study to examine the issues and data sources related to cyber-crime and to investigate the feasibility of collecting quantitative data from police services in Canada. This report examines definitions of cyber-crime, current legislation in Canada and other countries, existing data sources, summarizes results from consultations with selected police forces, and presents options for collecting cyber-crime data from police agencies.

This paper examines the characteristics of men 55 and over who are no longer active in the labour market, and the "voluntary" or "involuntary" reasons for inactivity.

This article looks at how people feel about their neighbourhood.

This article explores the demographic, social and economic characteristics of the underweight population.

This article examines the extent to which Canadian families are financially vulnerable to adverse events, such as a sudden loss of income or unexpected bills.

This article focusses on the change in unmet health care needs reported by Canadians from 1998 to 2001, using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey and the National Population Health Survey.

This article addresses overqualification, which concerns both workers and employers because people who hold jobs that make few demands on their skills have lower earnings and lower levels of productivity.

GeoSearch is a new Internet tool that makes it easy to find any place in Canada, see it on a map, and get basic geographic and population and dwelling data for that place. To find a specific place of interest, users can click and zoom on a map of Canada or they can search by place name, street name, street intersection or postal code. GeoSearch finds and displays the appropriate map that shows boundaries and other features. GeoSearch also automatically displays population and dwelling counts for the selected place, and shows what kind of geographic area it is and its relationship to other geographic areas. Go to the Census Geography area on the Statistics Canada website. GeoSearch 2001 is no longer available. Information relating to the census standard geographic areas can be found in the Geography section of the census website. Population and dwelling counts from the 2001 Census can be found in the 2001 Census Highlight Tables or in the 2001 GeoSuite.

The report shows domestic sales, purchases, production and inventories of deodorized oils from processors of oils producing fully deodorized edible products for the month and year-to-date. Before 1995, it also contained data on sales of deodorized oils, packaged margarine, shortening and salad oils as well as oilseed crushings, and production and stocks of vegetable oils. It also includes explanatory notes. The December issue includes a list of reporting firms.

This publication contains data on manufacturers' sales (including imports) of electric lamps, light bulbs and tubes. It includes the number of units sold and the dollar value (factory billing price) of factory sales, by province each month along with the cumulative total for the year. The December issue includes a list of reporting firms.

The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a collaborative effort among member countries of the OECD, designed to assess, on a regular basis, the achievement of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematical and scientific literacy through a common international test.

This report presents initial results for Canada, Canadian provinces and selected countries from PISA 2000. Reading literacy is the major focus of PISA 2000, with mathematical and scientific literacy as minor domains.

This report also includes results from the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS), a Canadian longitudinal survey designed to examine the patterns of, and influences on, major transitions in young people's lives, particularly with respect to education, training and work.

Thirty-two countries participated in PISA 2000. In Canada, approximately 30,000 15-year-old students from more than 1,000 schools participated.

The intent of this research paper series is to address a variety of topics related to the Canadian manufacturing sector as a whole. The papers in this series are based on the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and focus on the entire manufacturing sector (all 22 major manufacturing groups). Other data sources are used in specific papers. The topics covered include packaging products used by manufacturing industries, evolution of production costs, comparison of establishment groups (ranked by volume of shipments) and stages of processing.

Statistics presented are derived from a survey of eight Provincial Research Organizations (PRO): All of these organizations have been established by their respective provincial governments, with a variety of enabling legislation and powers, to provide technical support to primary and secondary industries, to assist in the exploitation of provincial natural resources and to enhance the economy of their provinces. Small and medium-sized companies with limited inhouse technical capability use the services of the provincial research organizations.

The objective of this working paper series is to analyse the comparability of surveys conducted by Statistics Canada on smoking, to highlight the changes in the data among data years and to illustrate their statistical significance. The aim is to clarify any confusion regarding comparability of survey estimates of smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption over this period, as well as to provide the user-requested data in a technical but understandable format.

In 1996, 17% of Canada's total population were immigrants, and 88% of them were living in urban regions. The three provinces with the largest urban centres attracted most immigrants: 55% went to Ontario, 18% to British Columbia and 13% to Quebec, a pattern that has remained constant for immigrants who have arrived since 1961. The remaining 12% (or 580,000 people) were living in predominantly rural regions. They can be characterized by the period in which they arrived in Canada.

Recent and new immigrants were better educated than pre-1981 immigrants, particularly in terms of university education. But pre-1981 immigrants had the highest employment rate and were more likely to have professional service occupations than the Canadian-born. Visible minority immigrants fared worse, in socio-economic terms, than non-visible minority immigrants; these differences were more pronounced in predominantly rural regions. The profiles of immigrants in predominantly rural regions were similar to those in predominantly urban regions. However, the few immigrants who resided in rural northern regions had a very different and more favourable profile.

This theme deals with Canadians'mother tongue and language spoken at home, as well as with their knowledge of English and French. Data from the 2001 Census show, despite an increasingly multilingual Canadian society, that linguistic duality persists. In addition, the theme covers the evolution of English-French bilingualism in the country, and does this for each of the groups that have either English, French or some language other than English or French, as their mother tongue. All of the analyses are done at the province' territory level; some of them are also done at the level of the census metropolitan area.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

This Internet report presents the highlights of the mobility and migration data release from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. Numerous colour maps, charts and tables illustrate the latest interprovincial and intermetropolitan migration trends observed from the published data.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Many studies have examined the relative success of immigrant men in the (primarily paid) workforce. Despite the fact that they represent approximately one-sixth of the immigrant workforce, self-employed immigrants are a relatively understudied group. This study uses the 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996 Census files to assess the success of self-employed immigrant men (compared with self-employed native-born men), using the relative success of paid immigrant men as the benchmark.

After controlling for various other factors, recent immigrants (those arriving within the last five years) are as likely to be self-employed as the native-born and, over time spent in the country, are more likely to become self-employed. Recent immigrants in the 1990s were far more likely to be self-employed than the native-born. Successive cohorts of recent immigrants have fared progressively worse in the paid labour market compared with paid native-born workers. This is not the case in the self-employed workforce. Although self-employed recent immigrants typically report lower net self-employment income upon entry than the self-employed native-born, the gap has not grown. Instead, it has followed a cyclical movement: narrowing at the peak, and widening in times of weaker economic activity.

The wage progression of less skilled workers is of particular policy interest in light of evidence of skill-biased technology changes. There exist two conflicting views regarding the wage progression of less skilled workers. One view believes that work experience is the driving force for wage growth of less skilled workers, so effective policies should encourage workers to participate in the labour market and accumulate work experience. The other view stresses that less skilled workers are usually locked into dead-end jobs in which wages are stagnant and policies that facilitate job shopping (changing jobs and employers) would be desirable.

Job tenure is a key factor in testing the hypothesis that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs. If the return to tenure is zero, the hypothesis cannot be rejected. An extended human capital model of wage growth for less skilled workers is estimated using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) 1993 to 1998. In order to compare the wage growth mechanisms for workers with different skill endowments, the model is also estimated for workers with higher skill levels. The result implies that the return to job tenure for less skilled workers is significantly different from zero. This is inconsistent with the view that less skilled workers are locked into dead-end jobs.

The return to job tenure is also found to be greater than the return to total labour market experience for less skilled workers. This finding supports the notion that firm-specific human capital acquired by less skilled workers substitutes for their generally low human capital endowments and the accumulation of firm-specific human capital by less skilled workers greatly improves their earnings prospect.

This publication provides a general picture of francophone literacy in Canada and discusses literacy in the context of language transfers to English. It also looks at the process of producing literacy and the literacy training of francophones, while attempting to sort out the impacts that various social and cultural factors have on literacy.

Since September 11, 2001, important changes in the financial and operating statistics of airline activities in Canada have taken place. In particular, most airline companies have seen a deterioration of their financial positions and the number of flights and of seats available have generally decreased while security measures have increased. The aim of this paper is to examine the post-September 11 aviation market in Canada with respect to one key operating characteristic: the number of flights of airline companies operating in Canada. More specifically, the following questions are addressed: Was there a recovery in airline activities in Canada since September 11? Were all losses in all sectors recovered (domestic, transborder and international)? Were all losses at all airports recovered?

This paper is divided into three sections: 1. Data sources and limitations, the scope of this research and the methodological approach used are described in the first section. 2. The second section highlights the main results obtained and discusses these results in the context of the recent trends in airline activities in Canada. 3. Lastly, some conclusions are offered, based on the evidence collected and analysed.

The Dissemination Area Reference Maps Reference Guide is available for the following products:- Dissemination Area Reference Maps, by Census Tract, for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census (Catalogue Nos. 92F0146XIB, 92F0146XCB and 92F0146XPB)- Dissemination Area Reference Maps, by Non-tracted Census Agglomeration, 2001 Census (Catalogue Nos. 92F0147XIB, 92F0147XCB and 92F0147XPB)- Dissemination Area Reference Maps, by Census Division, for Areas Outside Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census (Catalogue Nos. 92F0148XIB, 92F0148XCB and 92F0148XPB). The Reference Guide describes the content and applications of these products, as well as data quality, record layouts, and other information.

The set of Dissemination Area Reference Maps by Census Tract covers all 27 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and the 19 census agglomerations (CAs) that are part of the census tract program. Each map in the set covers one census tract (CT) and shows the boundaries and codes of dissemination areas within that CT. The maps also show census tract, census subdivision, and census metropolitan area or census agglomeration boundaries on a background of detailed street networks and other visible features such as rivers, lakes and railroad tracks.There are 6,157 maps in this set - generally one map per census tract. The dimensions of each map are approximately 27 cm by 43 cm (11 inches by 17 inches). Map scales vary according to the size of the census tract; thus the maps cannot be cut and pasted together. In cases where there is too much detail to show on one map, the census tract may be split into two or four maps. Clients are not charged for the extra maps resulting from the CT split. A reference guide is available (Catalogue No. 92F0146GIE).Dissemination area reference maps are also available for smaller urban centres, that is, non-tracted census agglomerations (92F0147XCB, 92F0147XIB, 92F0147XPB), and by census division for areas outside census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (92F0148XCB, 92F0148XIB, 92F0148XPB). Together, the three sets of dissemination area maps cover all of Canada.

The set of Dissemination Area Reference Maps by Non-tracted Census Agglomeration covers the smaller census agglomerations that are not part of the census tract program. Each map in the set covers one census agglomeration (CA) and shows the boundaries and codes of dissemination areas within that CA. The maps also show the boundaries of census subdivisions (municipalities), as well as urban areas, and representative points for designated places. The maps include background information such as rivers, lakes, railroad tracks and provincial boundaries, and other significant features.There are 173 maps in this set - between one and four maps per census agglomeration.. Some maps include insets to show detail for the congested areas. These insets appear on the main map where possible, but in some cases it appears on a second map sheet. The maps vary in scale and size, the maximum dimensions being approximately 91 cm by 101 cm (36 inches by 40 inches). A reference guide is available (Catalogue No. 92F0146GIE).Dissemination area reference maps are also available for census tract for large urban centres, that is, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (92F0146XCB, 92F0146XIB, 92F0146XPB), and by census division for areas outside census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (92F0148XCB, 92F0148XIB, 92F0148XPB). Together, the three sets of dissemination area maps cover all of Canada.

The set of Dissemination Area Reference Maps covers areas outside census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs). Each map in the set covers one census division (CD) and shows the boundaries and codes of dissemination areas within that CD. The maps also show the boundaries of census subdivisions, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, as well as urban areas and representative points for designated places. The maps include background information such as rivers, lakes, railroad tracks and provincial boundaries, and other significant features.There are approximately 600 maps in this set - generally two maps per census division. Some maps include insets to show detail for the congested areas. These insets appear on the main map where possible, but in some cases they appear on a second map sheet. The maps vary in scale and size; the maximum dimensions are approximately 91 cm by 101 cm (36 inches by 40 inches). A reference guide is available (Catalogue No. 92F0146GIE).Dissemination area reference maps are also available by census tract for larger urban centres, that is, census metropolitaan areas and census agglomerations (92F0146XCB, 92F0146XIB, 92F0146XPB), and by small urban centres, that is, non-tracted census agglomarations (92F0147XCB, 92F0147XIB, 92F0147XPB). Together, the three sets of dissemination area maps cover all of Canada.

The Census Division and Census Subdivision Reference Maps Reference Guide is available for the following products: Census Division and Census Subdivision Reference Maps, by Province or Territory, 2001 Census (Catalogue Nos. 92F0149XIB, 92F0149XCB and 92F0149XPB). The Reference Guide describes the content and applications of these products, as well as data quality, record layouts, and other information.

The set of Census Division and Census Subdivision Reference Maps covers all of Canada, by province and territory. The maps show the boundaries, names and codes of census divisions (such as counties and regional districts) and census subdivisions (such as cities, towns, villages, other local municipal entities, townships and Indian reserves). The maps also show the boundaries of census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations. There are 22 maps in the set: one map covers each province or territory, except for Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta where two maps cover each province, British Columbia where three maps cover the province, and Quebec where four maps cover the province. The maps vary in scale (ranging from 1:310,000 to 1:3,500,000) and size, the maximum dimensions being approximately 145 cm by 99 cm (57 inches by 39 inches). The maps have the same general look as in 1996. A reference guide is available (Catalogue No. 92F0149GIE). The complete set of CD/CSD maps is available in the Standard Geographical Classification Manual, Volume II (Catalogue No. 12-572-XPB). This publication also includes three maps of Canada at the 1:10,000,000 scale, one showing census divisions, one showing economic regions and census divisions, and one showing point locations of census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations.

GeoSuite is a tool for data retrieval, query, and tabular output, with software. GeoSuite allows users to explore the links between all standard levels of geography and to determine geographic codes, names, and population and dwelling counts. GeoSuite includes a dissemination area (DA) reference map listing that facilitates the identification of appropriate DA reference maps.

This national map shows the boundaries, names and codes of federal electoral districts (FEDs) according to the 1996 Representation Order, on a background of major lakes and rivers. Insets show more detail for the congested areas on the map. The FED map was produced by Natural Resources Canada for Elections Canada. The dimensions of this map are approximately 28 cm by 79 cm (11 inches by 31 inches).

The Road Network Files Reference Guide is available for the following product: Road Network Files (RNFs) (Catalogue No. 92F0157XCE). The Reference Guide describes the content and applications of the product, as well as data quality, record layouts, and other information.

The Skeletal Road Network File Reference Guide is available for the following product: Skeletal Road Network File (SRNF) (Catalogue No. 92F0158XCE). The Reference Guide describes the content and applications of the product, as well as data quality, record layouts, and other information.