Table 6
Employment by province and industry, seasonally adjusted
July 2023 |
August 2023 |
Standard error1 | July to August 2023 | August 2022 to August 2023 | July to August 2023 | August 2022 to August 2023 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
thousands | thousands | thousands | change in thousands | change in thousands | % change | % change | |
Newfoundland and Labrador | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 236.9 | 237.3 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
Goods-producing sector | 48.8 | 48.2 | 1.4 | -0.6 | 0.6 | -1.2 | 1.3 |
Agriculture | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 44.4 |
Natural resources2 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | -1.1 | 1.2 | -6.3 |
Utilities | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 15.0 |
Construction | 18.7 | 18.4 | 0.9 | -0.3 | 1.2 | -1.6 | 7.0 |
Manufacturing | 10.2 | 9.8 | 0.8 | -0.4 | -0.1 | -3.9 | -1.0 |
Services-producing sector | 188.2 | 189.1 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 36.0 | 38.7 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 7.5 | 3.2 |
Transportation and warehousing | 13.8 | 13.0 | 0.6 | -0.8 | 1.4 | -5.8 | 12.1 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 7.1 | 6.9 | 0.4 | -0.2 | -0.8 | -2.8 | -10.4 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 11.7 | 11.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | -0.3 | 0.9 | -2.5 |
Business, building and other support services | 6.7 | 6.2 | 0.5 | -0.5 | 0.4 | -7.5 | 6.9 |
Educational services | 17.6 | 16.9 | 0.6 | -0.7 | 0.1 | -4.0 | 0.6 |
Health care and social assistance | 44.7 | 44.6 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 0.4 | -0.2 | 0.9 |
Information, culture and recreation | 8.3 | 8.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 21.4 |
Accommodation and food services | 13.5 | 13.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | -1.5 | 0.7 | -9.9 |
Other services (except public administration) | 7.8 | 8.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 5.2 |
Public administration | 21.0 | 20.8 | 0.6 | -0.2 | -0.2 | -1.0 | -1.0 |
Prince Edward Island | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 88.1 | 89.9 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 5.6 |
Goods-producing sector | 22.1 | 24.0 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 9.1 |
Agriculture | 4.5 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 11.1 | 61.3 |
Natural resources2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 12.5 | -14.3 |
Utilities | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.2 | -20.0 | 100.0 |
Construction | 7.5 | 8.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 9.3 | 13.9 |
Manufacturing | 8.0 | 8.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.7 | 7.5 | -7.5 |
Services-producing sector | 66.0 | 65.9 | 1.0 | -0.1 | 2.7 | -0.2 | 4.3 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 10.1 | 10.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | -0.8 | 1.0 | -7.3 |
Transportation and warehousing | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.8 | -8.3 | 57.1 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 3.6 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 11.1 | 37.9 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 4.2 | 6.4 |
Business, building and other support services | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | -0.4 | -0.6 | -20.0 | -27.3 |
Educational services | 5.5 | 5.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 5.5 | -3.3 |
Health care and social assistance | 14.5 | 13.9 | 0.4 | -0.6 | 1.9 | -4.1 | 15.8 |
Information, culture and recreation | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 6.5 |
Accommodation and food services | 5.3 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | -0.5 | 7.5 | -8.1 |
Other services (except public administration) | 3.8 | 3.6 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 0.4 | -5.3 | 12.5 |
Public administration | 10.6 | 10.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Nova Scotia | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 495.2 | 491.6 | 3.0 | -3.6 | 8.4 | -0.7 | 1.7 |
Goods-producing sector | 91.0 | 91.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | -6.0 | 0.1 | -6.2 |
Agriculture | 6.1 | 6.0 | 0.6 | -0.1 | 1.5 | -1.6 | 33.3 |
Natural resources2 | 9.4 | 7.4 | 0.9 | -2.0 | -1.5 | -21.3 | -16.9 |
Utilities | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.3 | -0.2 | -1.9 | -6.9 | -41.3 |
Construction | 36.1 | 37.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | -6.1 | 4.2 | -14.0 |
Manufacturing | 36.5 | 37.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 5.9 |
Services-producing sector | 404.2 | 400.4 | 2.9 | -3.8 | 14.2 | -0.9 | 3.7 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 79.5 | 78.9 | 1.6 | -0.6 | 5.2 | -0.8 | 7.1 |
Transportation and warehousing | 23.1 | 21.8 | 1.0 | -1.3 | 2.6 | -5.6 | 13.5 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 29.3 | 28.6 | 0.8 | -0.7 | 2.1 | -2.4 | 7.9 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 36.8 | 37.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | -1.7 | 1.1 | -4.4 |
Business, building and other support services | 16.0 | 18.2 | 0.9 | 2.2 | -0.8 | 13.8 | -4.2 |
Educational services | 37.8 | 37.0 | 1.1 | -0.8 | 0.7 | -2.1 | 1.9 |
Health care and social assistance | 78.1 | 76.9 | 1.4 | -1.2 | -2.7 | -1.5 | -3.4 |
Information, culture and recreation | 19.4 | 20.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 24.1 |
Accommodation and food services | 29.7 | 29.5 | 1.1 | -0.2 | 2.0 | -0.7 | 7.3 |
Other services (except public administration) | 20.3 | 20.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 14.7 |
Public administration | 34.2 | 31.4 | 0.9 | -2.8 | 0.3 | -8.2 | 1.0 |
New Brunswick | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 387.5 | 389.1 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 11.4 | 0.4 | 3.0 |
Goods-producing sector | 77.8 | 78.5 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 2.5 |
Agriculture | 5.6 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 5.4 | -3.3 |
Natural resources2 | 8.4 | 6.7 | 0.7 | -1.7 | -2.7 | -20.2 | -28.7 |
Utilities | 4.9 | 4.7 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.5 | -4.1 | 11.9 |
Construction | 30.1 | 32.8 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 9.0 | 12.7 |
Manufacturing | 28.7 | 28.4 | 0.9 | -0.3 | 0.6 | -1.0 | 2.2 |
Services-producing sector | 309.7 | 310.6 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 9.5 | 0.3 | 3.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 59.0 | 59.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | -0.5 | 0.3 | -0.8 |
Transportation and warehousing | 18.8 | 18.7 | 0.6 | -0.1 | 1.0 | -0.5 | 5.6 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 20.1 | 20.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 22.7 | 23.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 3.1 |
Business, building and other support services | 11.5 | 13.2 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 14.8 | 6.5 |
Educational services | 29.8 | 28.4 | 0.9 | -1.4 | -0.5 | -4.7 | -1.7 |
Health care and social assistance | 62.2 | 62.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 5.6 |
Information, culture and recreation | 11.1 | 12.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 10.8 | 9.8 |
Accommodation and food services | 21.8 | 20.8 | 0.9 | -1.0 | -1.6 | -4.6 | -7.1 |
Other services (except public administration) | 16.1 | 15.9 | 0.7 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -1.2 | -0.6 |
Public administration | 36.5 | 36.4 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 3.9 | -0.3 | 12.0 |
Quebec | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 4,489.7 | 4,504.5 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 98.4 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
Goods-producing sector | 940.1 | 925.9 | 9.9 | -14.2 | -4.3 | -1.5 | -0.5 |
Agriculture | 53.9 | 51.5 | 2.6 | -2.4 | -5.1 | -4.5 | -9.0 |
Natural resources2 | 35.7 | 36.9 | 2.3 | 1.2 | -8.2 | 3.4 | -18.2 |
Utilities | 30.5 | 29.0 | 1.3 | -1.5 | -1.5 | -4.9 | -4.9 |
Construction | 304.4 | 313.6 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 18.7 | 3.0 | 6.3 |
Manufacturing | 515.7 | 495.0 | 7.4 | -20.7 | -8.0 | -4.0 | -1.6 |
Services-producing sector | 3,549.6 | 3,578.6 | 15.9 | 29.0 | 102.6 | 0.8 | 3.0 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 668.6 | 656.4 | 9.2 | -12.2 | -15.4 | -1.8 | -2.3 |
Transportation and warehousing | 215.9 | 219.3 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 3.1 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 285.5 | 277.1 | 4.9 | -8.4 | 6.1 | -2.9 | 2.3 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 365.0 | 382.0 | 6.8 | 17.0 | 1.4 | 4.7 | 0.4 |
Business, building and other support services | 169.2 | 173.7 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 |
Educational services | 335.7 | 340.1 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 11.8 | 1.3 | 3.6 |
Health care and social assistance | 602.7 | 609.9 | 7.1 | 7.2 | -1.8 | 1.2 | -0.3 |
Information, culture and recreation | 216.2 | 214.3 | 6.1 | -1.9 | 34.3 | -0.9 | 19.1 |
Accommodation and food services | 228.4 | 234.5 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 21.7 | 2.7 | 10.2 |
Other services (except public administration) | 180.7 | 187.2 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 30.8 | 3.6 | 19.7 |
Public administration | 281.7 | 284.1 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 |
Ontario | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 7,949.3 | 7,940.3 | 20.0 | -9.0 | 206.0 | -0.1 | 2.7 |
Goods-producing sector | 1,608.7 | 1,605.0 | 12.3 | -3.7 | 46.9 | -0.2 | 3.0 |
Agriculture | 84.5 | 80.1 | 3.3 | -4.4 | 6.7 | -5.2 | 9.1 |
Natural resources2 | 39.7 | 41.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 14.2 |
Utilities | 64.9 | 66.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 8.1 |
Construction | 592.0 | 602.8 | 8.3 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
Manufacturing | 827.7 | 814.1 | 9.1 | -13.6 | 18.4 | -1.6 | 2.3 |
Services-producing sector | 6,340.6 | 6,335.3 | 20.2 | -5.3 | 159.1 | -0.1 | 2.6 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 1,140.5 | 1,150.3 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
Transportation and warehousing | 396.4 | 394.3 | 6.4 | -2.1 | 16.5 | -0.5 | 4.4 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 681.4 | 687.2 | 8.0 | 5.8 | -3.4 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 805.8 | 830.0 | 9.2 | 24.2 | 28.9 | 3.0 | 3.6 |
Business, building and other support services | 286.7 | 275.5 | 7.1 | -11.2 | -8.7 | -3.9 | -3.1 |
Educational services | 576.9 | 541.3 | 7.7 | -35.6 | 7.8 | -6.2 | 1.5 |
Health care and social assistance | 971.2 | 969.2 | 8.2 | -2.0 | 43.9 | -0.2 | 4.7 |
Information, culture and recreation | 330.6 | 333.0 | 7.7 | 2.4 | 29.2 | 0.7 | 9.6 |
Accommodation and food services | 432.4 | 430.5 | 8.6 | -1.9 | 22.4 | -0.4 | 5.5 |
Other services (except public administration) | 273.8 | 276.3 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 21.6 | 0.9 | 8.5 |
Public administration | 444.8 | 447.7 | 5.5 | 2.9 | -2.4 | 0.7 | -0.5 |
Manitoba | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 689.8 | 691.3 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 21.8 | 0.2 | 3.3 |
Goods-producing sector | 150.7 | 151.3 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
Agriculture | 13.9 | 13.2 | 0.8 | -0.7 | -5.9 | -5.0 | -30.9 |
Natural resources2 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 0.5 | -1.2 | 0.3 | -17.6 | 5.7 |
Utilities | 6.7 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 39.6 |
Construction | 56.4 | 57.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 12.9 |
Manufacturing | 66.9 | 68.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | -1.5 | 1.6 | -2.2 |
Services-producing sector | 539.2 | 540.0 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 20.4 | 0.1 | 3.9 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 100.6 | 101.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 13.2 | 0.6 | 15.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 40.5 | 40.3 | 1.1 | -0.2 | 0.2 | -0.5 | 0.5 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 40.7 | 42.9 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 3.6 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 35.5 | 34.7 | 1.1 | -0.8 | -1.3 | -2.3 | -3.6 |
Business, building and other support services | 16.0 | 18.4 | 1.1 | 2.4 | -4.3 | 15.0 | -18.9 |
Educational services | 70.2 | 64.4 | 1.4 | -5.8 | 2.8 | -8.3 | 4.5 |
Health care and social assistance | 104.0 | 105.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 3.7 |
Information, culture and recreation | 23.3 | 22.8 | 1.1 | -0.5 | 1.3 | -2.1 | 6.0 |
Accommodation and food services | 35.8 | 35.9 | 1.3 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.3 | -0.3 |
Other services (except public administration) | 26.2 | 28.4 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 8.4 | 3.3 |
Public administration | 46.4 | 45.7 | 1.0 | -0.7 | 2.4 | -1.5 | 5.5 |
Saskatchewan | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 583.8 | 586.6 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
Goods-producing sector | 125.0 | 125.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | -5.2 | 0.2 | -4.0 |
Agriculture | 23.4 | 23.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | -4.2 | 0.9 | -15.1 |
Natural resources2 | 21.4 | 20.4 | 0.8 | -1.0 | 1.2 | -4.7 | 6.3 |
Utilities | 7.1 | 7.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 4.4 |
Construction | 40.8 | 43.0 | 1.3 | 2.2 | -2.9 | 5.4 | -6.3 |
Manufacturing | 32.3 | 31.2 | 0.9 | -1.1 | 0.5 | -3.4 | 1.6 |
Services-producing sector | 458.8 | 461.3 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 10.0 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 93.8 | 96.5 | 1.7 | 2.7 | -3.0 | 2.9 | -3.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 28.6 | 31.4 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 9.8 | 22.2 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 31.2 | 29.5 | 0.9 | -1.7 | -1.0 | -5.4 | -3.3 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 34.1 | 34.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 15.4 |
Business, building and other support services | 13.9 | 15.4 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 10.8 | 48.1 |
Educational services | 53.3 | 50.4 | 1.2 | -2.9 | 4.0 | -5.4 | 8.6 |
Health care and social assistance | 91.3 | 90.0 | 1.5 | -1.3 | -2.9 | -1.4 | -3.1 |
Information, culture and recreation | 19.0 | 20.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 7.9 | 4.6 |
Accommodation and food services | 31.2 | 31.5 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
Other services (except public administration) | 25.2 | 25.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | -2.2 | 2.4 | -7.9 |
Public administration | 37.2 | 35.8 | 0.9 | -1.4 | -1.1 | -3.8 | -3.0 |
Alberta | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 2,469.4 | 2,487.1 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 99.1 | 0.7 | 4.1 |
Goods-producing sector | 588.3 | 600.1 | 7.7 | 11.8 | 22.3 | 2.0 | 3.9 |
Agriculture | 47.3 | 43.2 | 2.7 | -4.1 | -4.3 | -8.7 | -9.1 |
Natural resources2 | 135.2 | 139.6 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.2 |
Utilities | 19.6 | 18.3 | 1.9 | -1.3 | -5.4 | -6.6 | -22.8 |
Construction | 242.1 | 249.3 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 12.1 | 3.0 | 5.1 |
Manufacturing | 144.0 | 149.6 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 18.2 | 3.9 | 13.9 |
Services-producing sector | 1,881.2 | 1,887.0 | 11.3 | 5.8 | 76.7 | 0.3 | 4.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 369.6 | 375.6 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
Transportation and warehousing | 144.4 | 144.6 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 10.7 | 0.1 | 8.0 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 138.0 | 131.9 | 3.3 | -6.1 | 5.0 | -4.4 | 3.9 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 235.9 | 241.7 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 19.3 | 2.5 | 8.7 |
Business, building and other support services | 71.8 | 75.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 3.7 |
Educational services | 159.6 | 147.6 | 4.4 | -12.0 | -10.8 | -7.5 | -6.8 |
Health care and social assistance | 328.5 | 332.8 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 30.7 | 1.3 | 10.2 |
Information, culture and recreation | 77.7 | 80.4 | 3.6 | 2.7 | -8.7 | 3.5 | -9.8 |
Accommodation and food services | 139.8 | 138.2 | 4.3 | -1.6 | 12.8 | -1.1 | 10.2 |
Other services (except public administration) | 98.2 | 104.2 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 5.3 |
Public administration | 117.8 | 115.0 | 3.0 | -2.8 | 5.7 | -2.4 | 5.2 |
British Columbia | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 2,776.6 | 2,788.6 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 42.1 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
Goods-producing sector | 476.4 | 477.0 | 6.5 | 0.6 | -31.5 | 0.1 | -6.2 |
Agriculture | 25.2 | 25.4 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Natural resources2 | 50.8 | 54.9 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 11.8 |
Utilities | 17.8 | 17.4 | 1.3 | -0.4 | 4.5 | -2.2 | 34.9 |
Construction | 212.0 | 210.3 | 4.7 | -1.7 | -32.7 | -0.8 | -13.5 |
Manufacturing | 170.7 | 169.2 | 3.8 | -1.5 | -9.2 | -0.9 | -5.2 |
Services-producing sector | 2,300.2 | 2,311.6 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 73.6 | 0.5 | 3.3 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 443.2 | 442.0 | 6.0 | -1.2 | 13.5 | -0.3 | 3.2 |
Transportation and warehousing | 133.5 | 144.6 | 3.6 | 11.1 | 2.3 | 8.3 | 1.6 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 180.6 | 172.9 | 3.2 | -7.7 | 13.0 | -4.3 | 8.1 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 281.2 | 285.6 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 12.2 | 1.6 | 4.5 |
Business, building and other support services | 84.7 | 89.5 | 3.6 | 4.8 | -3.2 | 5.7 | -3.5 |
Educational services | 212.4 | 222.6 | 4.1 | 10.2 | 21.8 | 4.8 | 10.9 |
Health care and social assistance | 381.8 | 376.1 | 4.6 | -5.7 | 9.5 | -1.5 | 2.6 |
Information, culture and recreation | 132.5 | 127.9 | 4.5 | -4.6 | -21.5 | -3.5 | -14.4 |
Accommodation and food services | 197.3 | 194.7 | 4.5 | -2.6 | 11.4 | -1.3 | 6.2 |
Other services (except public administration) | 107.4 | 110.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 3.0 | 9.2 |
Public administration | 145.6 | 145.2 | 2.8 | -0.4 | 5.3 | -0.3 | 3.8 |
Note(s):
The sum of individual categories may not always add up to the total as a result of rounding.
Source(s):
Table 14-10-0355-02.
Table note 1
Average standard error of change between two consecutive months. See the "Data Quality" section of the Guide to the Labour Force Survey (Catalogue number71-543-G) for more information.
Table note 2
Also referred to as "Forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction."
- Date modified: