Table 6
Employment by province and industry, seasonally adjusted
March 2023 |
April 2023 |
Standard error1 | March to April 2023 | April 2022 to April 2023 | March to April 2023 | April 2022 to April 2023 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
thousands | thousands | thousands | change in thousands | change in thousands | % change | % change | |
Newfoundland and Labrador | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 237.8 | 238.0 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 7.8 | 0.1 | 3.4 |
Goods-producing sector | 51.4 | 50.8 | 1.5 | -0.6 | 2.2 | -1.2 | 4.5 |
Agriculture | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 30.0 | 18.2 |
Natural resources2 | 16.5 | 16.1 | 0.9 | -0.4 | 0.4 | -2.4 | 2.5 |
Utilities | 2.8 | 2.7 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.5 | -3.6 | 22.7 |
Construction | 20.1 | 20.0 | 1.0 | -0.1 | 0.7 | -0.5 | 3.6 |
Manufacturing | 10.9 | 10.8 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 0.5 | -0.9 | 4.9 |
Services-producing sector | 186.4 | 187.2 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 5.7 | 0.4 | 3.1 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 36.2 | 36.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | -2.5 | 0.3 | -6.4 |
Transportation and warehousing | 12.2 | 12.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 20.8 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 7.7 | 7.4 | 0.4 | -0.3 | 1.8 | -3.9 | 32.1 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 11.1 | 10.7 | 0.5 | -0.4 | 0.1 | -3.6 | 0.9 |
Business, building and other support services | 5.1 | 4.9 | 0.6 | -0.2 | -0.9 | -3.9 | -15.5 |
Educational services | 17.0 | 17.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 6.7 |
Health care and social assistance | 45.5 | 45.7 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 2.9 |
Information, culture and recreation | 7.2 | 7.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 6.9 | 11.6 |
Accommodation and food services | 14.7 | 14.5 | 0.8 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -1.4 | -0.7 |
Other services (except public administration) | 7.3 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 10.4 |
Public administration | 22.4 | 22.1 | 0.5 | -0.3 | 1.2 | -1.3 | 5.7 |
Prince Edward Island | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 87.3 | 89.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 5.9 |
Goods-producing sector | 20.5 | 21.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -0.6 | 3.4 | -2.8 |
Agriculture | 3.0 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 20.0 | 16.1 |
Natural resources2 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.3 | -0.5 | -0.9 | -23.8 | -36.0 |
Utilities | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 |
Construction | 7.1 | 7.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
Manufacturing | 8.2 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 2.4 | -3.4 |
Services-producing sector | 66.7 | 68.3 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 8.9 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 10.7 | 10.4 | 0.5 | -0.3 | -0.9 | -2.8 | -8.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.3 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -4.5 | -8.7 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.5 | -2.8 | 16.7 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | -1.0 | 0.0 | -18.9 |
Business, building and other support services | 2.9 | 2.3 | 0.3 | -0.6 | 0.4 | -20.7 | 21.1 |
Educational services | 6.5 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 7.7 | 20.7 |
Health care and social assistance | 14.5 | 14.2 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 2.4 | -2.1 | 20.3 |
Information, culture and recreation | 2.7 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 11.1 | 15.4 |
Accommodation and food services | 5.3 | 6.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 15.1 | 15.1 |
Other services (except public administration) | 3.5 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 17.1 | 17.1 |
Public administration | 10.4 | 11.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 7.7 | 14.3 |
Nova Scotia | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 496.0 | 497.3 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 2.0 |
Goods-producing sector | 92.3 | 91.3 | 1.9 | -1.0 | -4.1 | -1.1 | -4.3 |
Agriculture | 4.4 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | -0.3 | 25.0 | -5.2 |
Natural resources2 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 0.8 | -0.3 | -0.9 | -3.3 | -9.3 |
Utilities | 3.0 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -1.0 | 10.0 | -23.3 |
Construction | 39.2 | 37.9 | 1.3 | -1.3 | -4.0 | -3.3 | -9.5 |
Manufacturing | 36.6 | 35.7 | 1.1 | -0.9 | 2.0 | -2.5 | 5.9 |
Services-producing sector | 403.7 | 406.0 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 13.8 | 0.6 | 3.5 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 75.9 | 77.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 5.4 |
Transportation and warehousing | 21.1 | 21.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | -0.2 | 1.9 | -0.9 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 29.0 | 30.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 2.0 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 39.3 | 38.1 | 1.1 | -1.2 | 2.1 | -3.1 | 5.8 |
Business, building and other support services | 16.9 | 17.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | -2.8 | 4.1 | -13.7 |
Educational services | 39.5 | 38.5 | 1.1 | -1.0 | 1.3 | -2.5 | 3.5 |
Health care and social assistance | 78.8 | 79.9 | 1.3 | 1.1 | -0.2 | 1.4 | -0.2 |
Information, culture and recreation | 19.3 | 18.8 | 1.1 | -0.5 | 3.4 | -2.6 | 22.1 |
Accommodation and food services | 29.4 | 30.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 7.8 |
Other services (except public administration) | 20.0 | 19.0 | 0.8 | -1.0 | 1.5 | -5.0 | 8.6 |
Public administration | 34.5 | 34.4 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 2.0 | -0.3 | 6.2 |
New Brunswick | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 385.5 | 383.6 | 2.4 | -1.9 | 8.9 | -0.5 | 2.4 |
Goods-producing sector | 77.4 | 77.6 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
Agriculture | 5.7 | 5.5 | 0.5 | -0.2 | -1.1 | -3.5 | -16.7 |
Natural resources2 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 27.8 |
Utilities | 4.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
Construction | 29.9 | 29.2 | 1.0 | -0.7 | -0.1 | -2.3 | -0.3 |
Manufacturing | 28.8 | 29.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | -0.1 | 2.4 | -0.3 |
Services-producing sector | 308.2 | 306.0 | 2.2 | -2.2 | 8.1 | -0.7 | 2.7 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 57.6 | 57.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | -0.5 | 0.5 | -0.9 |
Transportation and warehousing | 17.8 | 17.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | -1.3 | 0.0 | -6.8 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 20.4 | 19.3 | 0.6 | -1.1 | 1.6 | -5.4 | 9.0 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 25.4 | 24.4 | 0.7 | -1.0 | 2.8 | -3.9 | 13.0 |
Business, building and other support services | 10.9 | 10.7 | 0.8 | -0.2 | -3.2 | -1.8 | -23.0 |
Educational services | 31.0 | 32.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | -1.6 | 3.5 | -4.7 |
Health care and social assistance | 61.3 | 59.9 | 1.0 | -1.4 | 4.5 | -2.3 | 8.1 |
Information, culture and recreation | 9.8 | 9.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Accommodation and food services | 20.3 | 21.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 4.5 |
Other services (except public administration) | 17.0 | 16.5 | 0.7 | -0.5 | 0.2 | -2.9 | 1.2 |
Public administration | 36.7 | 36.5 | 0.7 | -0.2 | 4.6 | -0.5 | 14.4 |
Quebec | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 4,494.5 | 4,505.0 | 16.0 | 10.5 | 112.8 | 0.2 | 2.6 |
Goods-producing sector | 939.5 | 942.9 | 9.5 | 3.4 | 19.6 | 0.4 | 2.1 |
Agriculture | 54.6 | 55.0 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 |
Natural resources2 | 37.5 | 37.8 | 2.2 | 0.3 | -6.8 | 0.8 | -15.2 |
Utilities | 32.7 | 32.4 | 1.6 | -0.3 | 0.8 | -0.9 | 2.5 |
Construction | 311.8 | 314.0 | 6.0 | 2.2 | 26.5 | 0.7 | 9.2 |
Manufacturing | 503.0 | 503.7 | 7.0 | 0.7 | -2.6 | 0.1 | -0.5 |
Services-producing sector | 3,554.9 | 3,562.1 | 15.6 | 7.2 | 93.2 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 651.8 | 661.5 | 8.7 | 9.7 | -6.4 | 1.5 | -1.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 217.0 | 214.5 | 5.3 | -2.5 | -3.0 | -1.2 | -1.4 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 275.4 | 274.4 | 4.9 | -1.0 | -4.0 | -0.4 | -1.4 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 386.4 | 384.1 | 6.7 | -2.3 | 14.1 | -0.6 | 3.8 |
Business, building and other support services | 185.4 | 179.8 | 5.7 | -5.6 | 14.3 | -3.0 | 8.6 |
Educational services | 330.2 | 331.8 | 6.5 | 1.6 | -11.6 | 0.5 | -3.4 |
Health care and social assistance | 594.0 | 592.6 | 6.9 | -1.4 | 8.8 | -0.2 | 1.5 |
Information, culture and recreation | 203.3 | 221.1 | 6.4 | 17.8 | 32.9 | 8.8 | 17.5 |
Accommodation and food services | 240.6 | 235.6 | 6.4 | -5.0 | 40.3 | -2.1 | 20.6 |
Other services (except public administration) | 183.4 | 184.8 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 1.4 |
Public administration | 287.4 | 282.1 | 4.2 | -5.3 | 5.5 | -1.8 | 2.0 |
Ontario | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 7,886.7 | 7,919.4 | 20.7 | 32.7 | 138.5 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
Goods-producing sector | 1,568.1 | 1,574.1 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 23.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
Agriculture | 80.4 | 75.2 | 3.2 | -5.2 | 5.5 | -6.5 | 7.9 |
Natural resources2 | 40.8 | 42.2 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 9.6 |
Utilities | 61.9 | 60.3 | 2.1 | -1.6 | -0.4 | -2.6 | -0.7 |
Construction | 597.5 | 603.9 | 8.1 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Manufacturing | 787.5 | 792.5 | 8.8 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
Services-producing sector | 6,318.6 | 6,345.4 | 20.8 | 26.8 | 115.4 | 0.4 | 1.9 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 1,127.3 | 1,139.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | -30.1 | 1.1 | -2.6 |
Transportation and warehousing | 386.9 | 406.4 | 6.8 | 19.5 | 26.5 | 5.0 | 7.0 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 693.9 | 692.2 | 7.6 | -1.7 | 34.8 | -0.2 | 5.3 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 814.5 | 813.9 | 9.0 | -0.6 | 5.8 | -0.1 | 0.7 |
Business, building and other support services | 298.9 | 297.4 | 7.0 | -1.5 | 20.4 | -0.5 | 7.4 |
Educational services | 559.7 | 566.0 | 8.0 | 6.3 | -8.8 | 1.1 | -1.5 |
Health care and social assistance | 969.2 | 974.1 | 8.3 | 4.9 | 32.6 | 0.5 | 3.5 |
Information, culture and recreation | 319.4 | 329.0 | 7.8 | 9.6 | -6.0 | 3.0 | -1.8 |
Accommodation and food services | 423.0 | 411.5 | 8.6 | -11.5 | 9.8 | -2.7 | 2.4 |
Other services (except public administration) | 267.0 | 255.8 | 6.1 | -11.2 | 2.3 | -4.2 | 0.9 |
Public administration | 458.9 | 459.6 | 5.3 | 0.7 | 28.0 | 0.2 | 6.5 |
Manitoba | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 691.4 | 687.4 | 3.3 | -4.0 | 13.4 | -0.6 | 2.0 |
Goods-producing sector | 151.8 | 149.6 | 2.0 | -2.2 | 2.7 | -1.4 | 1.8 |
Agriculture | 15.8 | 14.3 | 0.9 | -1.5 | -6.7 | -9.5 | -31.9 |
Natural resources2 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 0.4 | -0.4 | 2.8 | -5.9 | 77.8 |
Utilities | 5.8 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 12.1 | 35.4 |
Construction | 56.1 | 56.0 | 1.3 | -0.1 | 5.8 | -0.2 | 11.6 |
Manufacturing | 67.4 | 66.4 | 1.3 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.5 | -1.5 |
Services-producing sector | 539.6 | 537.8 | 3.2 | -1.8 | 10.6 | -0.3 | 2.0 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 96.0 | 96.3 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 2.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 39.2 | 40.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.5 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 41.4 | 41.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 4.3 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 37.0 | 36.6 | 1.1 | -0.4 | 2.3 | -1.1 | 6.7 |
Business, building and other support services | 21.6 | 22.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 0.9 |
Educational services | 64.6 | 64.7 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 3.4 |
Health care and social assistance | 104.6 | 104.3 | 1.6 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.3 |
Information, culture and recreation | 23.8 | 22.8 | 1.1 | -1.0 | 0.9 | -4.2 | 4.1 |
Accommodation and food services | 36.7 | 36.4 | 1.3 | -0.3 | -1.5 | -0.8 | -4.0 |
Other services (except public administration) | 28.0 | 28.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 |
Public administration | 46.6 | 44.2 | 1.0 | -2.4 | 2.9 | -5.2 | 7.0 |
Saskatchewan | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 587.2 | 587.5 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
Goods-producing sector | 128.6 | 127.6 | 2.1 | -1.0 | -3.9 | -0.8 | -3.0 |
Agriculture | 24.7 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 0.4 | -2.4 | 1.6 | -8.7 |
Natural resources2 | 20.0 | 21.8 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 9.0 | 14.1 |
Utilities | 8.0 | 7.7 | 0.4 | -0.3 | 1.1 | -3.8 | 16.7 |
Construction | 44.0 | 43.3 | 1.4 | -0.7 | -4.8 | -1.6 | -10.0 |
Manufacturing | 31.9 | 29.6 | 1.1 | -2.3 | -0.6 | -7.2 | -2.0 |
Services-producing sector | 458.7 | 460.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 10.1 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 101.2 | 101.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Transportation and warehousing | 25.9 | 26.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.4 | -0.4 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 30.9 | 30.4 | 0.9 | -0.5 | -1.5 | -1.6 | -4.7 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 31.3 | 32.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 21.3 |
Business, building and other support services | 12.3 | 12.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
Educational services | 49.4 | 48.6 | 1.2 | -0.8 | 0.5 | -1.6 | 1.0 |
Health care and social assistance | 91.6 | 93.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.8 |
Information, culture and recreation | 20.8 | 19.4 | 1.0 | -1.4 | -0.5 | -6.7 | -2.5 |
Accommodation and food services | 30.0 | 30.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 3.7 |
Other services (except public administration) | 26.1 | 26.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
Public administration | 39.1 | 39.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.4 |
Alberta | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 2,445.0 | 2,443.1 | 11.0 | -1.9 | 76.7 | -0.1 | 3.2 |
Goods-producing sector | 574.8 | 578.9 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 12.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 |
Agriculture | 46.5 | 46.2 | 2.4 | -0.3 | 4.8 | -0.6 | 11.6 |
Natural resources2 | 132.6 | 131.5 | 4.2 | -1.1 | -13.9 | -0.8 | -9.6 |
Utilities | 20.2 | 19.9 | 1.6 | -0.3 | 2.4 | -1.5 | 13.7 |
Construction | 232.9 | 237.4 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
Manufacturing | 142.5 | 144.0 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 15.6 | 1.1 | 12.1 |
Services-producing sector | 1,870.2 | 1,864.2 | 10.9 | -6.0 | 64.5 | -0.3 | 3.6 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 360.8 | 356.7 | 6.0 | -4.1 | -20.6 | -1.1 | -5.5 |
Transportation and warehousing | 150.2 | 150.5 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 31.4 | 0.2 | 26.4 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 132.3 | 128.5 | 3.3 | -3.8 | 7.0 | -2.9 | 5.8 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 254.4 | 255.7 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 50.0 | 0.5 | 24.3 |
Business, building and other support services | 78.2 | 71.0 | 3.5 | -7.2 | -4.5 | -9.2 | -6.0 |
Educational services | 165.8 | 162.5 | 4.2 | -3.3 | -9.5 | -2.0 | -5.5 |
Health care and social assistance | 319.7 | 319.3 | 5.3 | -0.4 | 4.0 | -0.1 | 1.3 |
Information, culture and recreation | 79.8 | 81.4 | 3.7 | 1.6 | -3.5 | 2.0 | -4.1 |
Accommodation and food services | 124.1 | 130.4 | 4.8 | 6.3 | -3.9 | 5.1 | -2.9 |
Other services (except public administration) | 93.7 | 95.9 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 10.2 | 2.3 | 11.9 |
Public administration | 111.2 | 112.2 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 3.6 |
British Columbia | |||||||
Total employed, all industries | 2,777.3 | 2,779.4 | 10.6 | 2.1 | 35.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 |
Goods-producing sector | 513.1 | 509.9 | 6.5 | -3.2 | 3.5 | -0.6 | 0.7 |
Agriculture | 24.2 | 25.5 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 17.0 |
Natural resources2 | 44.7 | 45.2 | 2.2 | 0.5 | -1.4 | 1.1 | -3.0 |
Utilities | 16.5 | 16.0 | 1.2 | -0.5 | 0.7 | -3.0 | 4.6 |
Construction | 252.0 | 248.5 | 4.4 | -3.5 | 18.4 | -1.4 | 8.0 |
Manufacturing | 175.9 | 174.6 | 4.2 | -1.3 | -18.0 | -0.7 | -9.3 |
Services-producing sector | 2,264.2 | 2,269.5 | 10.7 | 5.3 | 31.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 437.4 | 442.0 | 6.0 | 4.6 | -3.3 | 1.1 | -0.7 |
Transportation and warehousing | 141.4 | 138.8 | 3.5 | -2.6 | -8.9 | -1.8 | -6.0 |
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing | 170.2 | 168.7 | 3.4 | -1.5 | 5.0 | -0.9 | 3.1 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 266.0 | 263.4 | 4.7 | -2.6 | -13.7 | -1.0 | -4.9 |
Business, building and other support services | 92.7 | 92.4 | 3.3 | -0.3 | 8.0 | -0.3 | 9.5 |
Educational services | 209.5 | 218.9 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 24.8 | 4.5 | 12.8 |
Health care and social assistance | 360.8 | 357.7 | 4.7 | -3.1 | -11.1 | -0.9 | -3.0 |
Information, culture and recreation | 146.6 | 136.0 | 4.6 | -10.6 | -1.4 | -7.2 | -1.0 |
Accommodation and food services | 198.3 | 200.6 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 16.1 | 1.2 | 8.7 |
Other services (except public administration) | 103.5 | 107.5 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 5.2 |
Public administration | 137.6 | 143.6 | 2.7 | 6.0 | 10.9 | 4.4 | 8.2 |
Note(s):
The sum of individual categories may not always add up to the total as a result of rounding.
Source(s):
Table 14-10-0355-02.
Table note 1
Average standard error of change between two consecutive months. See the "Data Quality" section of the Guide to the Labour Force Survey (Catalogue number71-543-G) for more information.
Table note 2
Also referred to as "Forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction."
- Date modified: