Gross domestic product, income and expenditure, third quarter 2022
Released: 2022-11-29
Real gross domestic product (GDP) rose 0.7% in the third quarter, the fifth consecutive quarterly increase. Growth in exports, non-residential structures, and business investment in inventories were moderated by declines in housing investment and household spending. Final domestic demand, composed of expenditures on final consumption and capital investment, edged down 0.2%, following a 0.6% increase in the second quarter.
Exports higher on crude oil and crude bitumen
Exports (+2.1%) increased for the second consecutive quarter, led by crude oil and bitumen, and farm and fishing products. Prices of crude oil and bitumen fell in the quarter, while volumes increased significantly. Higher yields in wheat contributed to greater exports of farm products in the quarter.
Imports fell 0.4% in the third quarter, reflecting widespread declines in energy products, including crude oil, natural gas, and nuclear fuel.
Second consecutive quarter with large inventory accumulation
Accumulation of non-farm inventories was $46.8 billion in the third quarter, a record high in additions to inventory. Inventories expanded among the manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade sectors. Manufacturers experienced widespread inventory accumulation, while the retail and wholesale trade sectors recorded higher stocks of motor vehicles as the stock-to-sales ratio for this commodity continued to move upward after reaching historic lows in 2021. Other durable categories in wholesale showed strong accumulation as well, namely machinery and building materials.
The economy-wide stock-to-sales ratio rose to 0.868 in the third quarter of 2022, up from 0.836 in the second quarter. The continued strong pace of inventory accumulation resulted in the highest level of economy-wide stock-to-sales since the second quarter of 2020, when the ratio was 0.968.
Housing investment declines
Housing investment (-4.1%) declined for the second consecutive quarter, coinciding with higher interest rates. Renovations (-6.6%) were down for the second consecutive quarter, and resale activities (-13.8%) were down for the third consecutive quarter. These declines were partly offset by new construction (+2.4%), which rose after four quarters of decreases. Ontario, the western provinces, and Nunavut recorded increases in new housing construction, while the Atlantic provinces and Quebec posted decreases. On a nominal basis, housing investment represented 8.2% of GDP, a decline from the more than double digit proportion from early 2021.
Business investment in non-residential structures (+2.8%) continued to increase, a seventh consecutive quarter of growth. Investment in engineering structures rose 3.3%, led by continued investment on the Kitimat liquefied natural gas project in British Columbia and wind farms in Alberta. Additionally, there was a $64 million disinvestment in weapon systems assets in the quarter, reflecting the continued aid provided to Ukraine in the form of military equipment.
Households cut back spending
Household spending edged down 0.3% in the third quarter, the first decline since the second quarter of 2021. The decrease was mainly attributable to widespread declines in goods (-1.7%). Declines in expenditures on new trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles, furniture and furnishings, and pharmaceutical products were moderated by increased spending on new passenger cars and used motor vehicles.
Growth in services slowed from 4.2% in the second quarter to 0.9% in the third quarter. With conditions getting closer to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era, expenditures by Canadians abroad, including travel (+20.3%), continued to rise in the third quarter.
Gross domestic product implicit price
The GDP implicit price index declined 1.4% in the third quarter, the first decline since the second quarter of 2020. Consequently, nominal GDP fell 0.7%, following a 4.0% increase in the second quarter of 2022.
Substantial declines in prices of exported crude oil and crude bitumen and of lumber were moderated by increases in household final consumption. The implicit price of household final consumption rose 0.7% in the third quarter, a slowdown from the 2.0% rise one quarter prior, as growth in the implicit prices across durables, semi-durables, non-durables and services all decelerated. The price index for household final consumption expenditure (excluding food and energy) rose 0.8% in the third quarter, the ninth consecutive quarterly increase.
The terms-of-trade—the ratio of the price of exports to the price of imports—declined 6.3% in the third quarter. Decreased terms-of-trade pushed down real gross national income (-1.4%) in the third quarter, the first decline since the second quarter of 2020.
Compensation of employees rises at a slower pace
Compensation of employees rose 1.2% on a nominal basis, as both employment and average earnings were up. Even so, this was the lowest growth in wages and salaries since the second quarter of 2020, when compensation declined sharply. This weakness was mainly due to slower wage growth in the goods-producing industry (+0.8%). The top contributors to overall wage growth were in the finance, real estate, company management (+3.6%), professional and personal services (+1.2%), and information and cultural (+5.0%) industries.
Manitoba (+2.2%) had the largest increase in compensation in the third quarter, followed by the Northwest Territories including Nunavut (+1.9%) and Ontario (+1.7%). Compensation in Newfoundland and Labrador (-0.7%) and Nova Scotia (-0.2%) decreased following relatively strong growth in the previous quarter.
At the end of September, tropical storm Fiona swept through the four Atlantic provinces and Quebec. This was the costliest and most destructive tropical storm to have hit Atlantic Canada; estimated insured damages totalled $660 million. Many residents of hard-hit areas were unable to attend work. However, wages from overtime work resulted in a net wage gain of $49 million in the affected provinces.
Household savings rate increases
Household disposable income rose 0.8%, while the growth in household spending slowed from 4.3% in the second quarter to 0.5% (in nominal terms) in the third quarter. Consequently, the household saving rate rose from 5.1% in the second quarter to 5.7% in the third quarter. By comparison, the savings rate in the third quarter of 2019 was 2.5%. The household savings rate is aggregated across all income brackets; in general, savings rates are greater in higher income brackets.
Household property income receipts, comprised of items such as interest and dividend incomes, were up 4.4%, fuelled by rising interest on deposits that reflected higher interest rates. At the same time, property incomes paid, which includes mortgage and non-mortgage interest expenses, rose 21.5%, as borrowing costs continued to climb. The Bank of Canada announced two increases to the policy rate in the third quarter, and the rate reached 3.25% in the third quarter from 1.5% at the end of the second quarter.
Corporate incomes retreat, but remain elevated
In the third quarter, increasing export volumes were more than offset by the drop in energy prices, resulting in a 7.0% decline in the value of nominal energy exports. Non-financial corporate incomes fell as energy-related industries recorded lower gross operating surplus, while non-financial corporations overall were down 5.0% in the third quarter following a 9.1% rise in gross operating surplus in the previous quarter. However, nominal energy exports remained 32.2% higher in the third quarter than they had been in the last quarter of 2021, while non-financial surplus was 8.0% higher in the third quarter of 2022 than that recorded in the last quarter of 2021.
The gross operating surplus of financial corporations fell 2.3% in the third quarter of 2022, the fourth consecutive quarterly decline. However, this followed a strong 2021 in which the financial surplus rose 16.9% compared with 2020. Strong investment activity, equity markets, and lending in 2021 have cooled since the beginning of 2022.
Sustainable development goals
On January 1, 2016, the world officially began implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the United Nations' transformative plan of action that addresses urgent global challenges over the following 15 years. The plan is based on 17 specific sustainable development goals.
Data on gross domestic product, income and expenditure are an example of how Statistics Canada supports the reporting on global sustainable development goals. This release will be used to measure the following goals:
![Goal 8: Decent work And economic growth](/dai-quo/img/SDG/08_SDG_EN.png)
![Goal 10: Reduced inequalities](/dai-quo/img/SDG/10_SDG_EN.png)
Note to readers
Revisions
In this release, new benchmark values from the supply-use tables (SUTs) for the 2019 reference year have been incorporated into the gross domestic product (GDP) by income and expenditure accounts. SUTs integrate data from a wide range of sources into a balanced accounting framework. They represent the most detailed, coherent accounting system for the structure of the Canadian economy and are considered the most accurate benchmarks on which to base estimates.
Revisions for the 2020 and 2021 reference years incorporated up-to-date information from the Annual Survey of Manufacturing and Logging, the Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry, the Annual Census of Mines, Quarries and Sand Pits, government public accounts, and updated administrative data. These revisions also reflect the incorporation of T4 data for 2020 and preliminary T4 data for 2021, which is used to estimate wages and salaries.
Results from the Annual Capital and Repair Expenditure Survey, Actual, were incorporated for 2020, whereas 2021 was revised to incorporate major project updates from the upcoming 2021 Actual release (February 2023).
International trade in commercial services was revised in 2020 and 2021 because coverage of enterprises in the digital economy has been enhanced, as was estimation of imports of digital products and services. Revisions were mostly related to audio and video streaming and downloaded software activities. In addition, coverage of imports of advertising services was expanded significantly to better capture the extent of Canadian payments to foreign entities for online advertising on social media, Internet browsers, etc.
As a result, Canada's real GDP growth rate was revised up from 1.88% to 1.89% for 2019, from -5.23% to -5.07% for 2020, and from 4.54% to 5.01% for 2021. This release also provides revised data for the first and second quarter of 2022, and new data for the third quarter.
Accounting for e-commerce transactions with non-resident vendors
The indicators used to estimate Household Final Consumption Expenditure have been adjusted to account for non-resident e-commerce sales. The Monthly Retail Trade Survey collects data only on resident vendor e-commerce sales. The non-resident vendor e-commerce adjustment, which is applied to the indicators to estimate household consumption, mainly the Retail Commodity Survey, is a non-seasonally adjusted, quarterly value. This adjustment has been in place since the fourth quarter of 2019. For the third quarter of 2022, the adjustment represents $745.3 million compared with $800 million at the second quarter, applied to the household consumption indicators. The adjustment is derived using sources such as details from customs transactions, Goods and Services Tax remittances and financial statements for certain enterprises.
Weapons system
Estimates for disinvestment of assets in weapons systems have been implemented for 2022 to account for the aid contributions that Canada has given to Ukraine throughout the ongoing conflict. Weapon systems include military equipment such as weapon platforms, vehicles, and other equipment, but exclude single-use items such as ammunition, which are instead classified to government inventories. Disinvestment for the third quarter totalled $64 million compared with $30 million in the second quarter. Additionally, with this release, seasonal adjustment has been applied to the estimates of weapons systems.
Support measures by governments
To alleviate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments implemented programs which supported households and businesses, such as the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, Canada Emergency Rent Subsidy, and the Canada Recovery Benefit. A comprehensive explanation of how government support measures were treated in the compilation of the estimates is available in "Recording COVID-19 measures in the national accounts" and "Recording new COVID measures in the national accounts."
Details on the more significant federal government COVID-19 support measures are available in "Federal government COVID-19 response measures in the System of Macroeconomic Accounts, quarterly."
General
Percentage changes for expenditure-based statistics (such as household spending, investment, and exports) are calculated from volume measures that are adjusted for price variations. Percentage changes for income-based statistics (such as compensation of employees and operating surplus) are calculated from nominal values; that is, they are not adjusted for price variations. Unless otherwise stated, growth rates represent the percentage change in the series from one quarter to the next: for instance, from the second quarter of 2022 to the third quarter of 2022.
For information on seasonal adjustment, see Seasonally adjusted data – Frequently asked questions
Real-time tables
Real-time tables 36-10-0430-01 and 36-10-0431-01 will be updated on December 5, 2022.
Next release
Data on GDP by income and expenditure for the fourth quarter will be released on February 28, 2023.
Products
The data visualization product "Gross Domestic Product by Income and Expenditure: Interactive tool," which is part of the Statistics Canada – Data Visualization Products series (), is now available. 71-607-X
The document, "Recording new COVID measures in the national accounts," which is part of Latest Developments in the Canadian Economic Accounts (), is available. 13-605-X
The document, "The 2019 to 2021 Revisions of the Income and Expenditure Accounts," which is part of Latest Developments in the Canadian Economic Accounts (), is available. 13-605-X
As a complement to this release, you can also consult the data visualization product "Overview of the stock and consumption of fixed capital program: Interactive tool," which is part of Statistics Canada – Data Visualization Products series (). 71-607-X
The Economic accounts statistics portal, accessible from the Subjects module of the Statistics Canada website, features an up-to-date portrait of national and provincial economies and their structure.
The User Guide: Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts () is available. 13-606-G
The Methodological Guide: Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts () is available. 13-607-X
Contact information
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