Gross domestic product, income and expenditure, fourth quarter 2017
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Released: 2018-03-02
Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew 0.4% in the fourth quarter, the same rate as the previous quarter. Final domestic demand rose 1.0%.
Business investment increased 2.3%. Investment in residential structures rose 3.2% on the strength of both resale activity and new construction. Businesses also increased outlays for the fourth consecutive quarter on machinery and equipment (+3.0%) and non-residential structures (+1.3%).
Businesses accumulated $14.2 billion of inventories in the fourth quarter, as manufacturers, retailers and wholesalers all added to their stocks.
Real household final consumption expenditure slowed to 0.5% growth, following a 0.9% increase in the previous quarter. Spending was up on durable (+0.4%), semi-durable (+0.3%) and non-durable (+0.4%) goods, as well as on services (+0.6%).
Export volumes increased 0.7% following a 2.7% decline in the third quarter, while real imports were 1.5% higher. Improved terms of trade boosted economy-wide purchasing power, and real gross national income increased 1.0%. Export prices rose 3.6% in the fourth quarter on the strength of energy products, compared with a 1.5% increase in import prices.
Expressed at an annualized rate, real GDP rose 1.7% in the fourth quarter. In comparison, real GDP in the United States grew 2.5%.
Housing investment accelerates
Business gross fixed capital formation grew 2.3% in the fourth quarter, compared with 0.8% in the previous quarter. Higher investment in residential structures was the main contributor, increasing 3.2% following a flat third quarter. Ownership transfer costs rose 9.3%, indicating increased resale activity. New mortgage stress test measures were anticipated for 2018. New housing construction (+3.0%) also rose, while renovations edged down 0.1%.
Outlays on non-residential structures increased 1.3% on higher investment in engineering structures (+2.1%), while investment in non-residential buildings declined 0.8%.
Business investment in machinery and equipment rose 3.0%, primarily because of increased outlays on aircraft and other transportation equipment.
Investment in intellectual property products was unchanged overall. Increased outlays on research and development (+2.1%) and software (+1.1%) were offset by declines in mineral exploration and evaluation (-11.0%).
Inventories continue to accumulate
Businesses added $14.2 billion to inventories in the fourth quarter, following additions of $17.0 billion in the third quarter.
Non-farm inventories accounted for most of the accumulation, adding $13.1 billion to stocks. Retailers added $4.8 billion to stocks, of which $2.4 billion consisted of motor vehicles. Wholesalers added $4.1 billion to inventories.
Farm inventories rose by $1.1 billion, compared with a $498 million increase in the third quarter.
The economy-wide stock-to-sales ratio increased from 0.761 in the third quarter to 0.763 in the fourth quarter.
Household spending decelerates
Household final consumption expenditure grew 0.5%, following a 0.9% gain in the previous quarter. Increases were recorded in services (+0.6%) and in durable (+0.4%), semi-durable (+0.3%) and non-durable (+0.4%) goods.
Expenditures on insurance and financial services (+1.5%), recreation and culture (+0.9%) and food (+0.7%) increased, while purchases of vehicles were flat.
Export volumes increase
Real exports rose 0.7% following a 2.7% decline in the third quarter.
Exports of goods rose 0.6%, following a 3.4% drop in the previous quarter. The gain was led by basic and industrial chemical, plastic and rubber products (+7.9%). Forestry products and building and packing materials (+3.5%) also contributed to the gain, as did motor vehicles and parts (+1.3%).
Exports of services (+1.3%) increased for the eighth consecutive quarter, mainly travel services (+4.4%).
Real imports were 1.5% higher in the fourth quarter, after edging up 0.1% in the previous quarter.
Imports of goods increased 1.8%, with notable gains in aircraft and other transportation equipment and parts (+24.6%) and electronic and electrical equipment and parts (+6.2%).
Imports of services increased 0.4% following 1.3% growth in the third quarter. Most of the gain was in commercial services (+1.6%), while imports of travel services declined 1.6% following 4.3% growth in the third quarter.
Following a 3.9% decline in the third quarter, export prices rebounded 3.6%, notably energy products. Import prices (+1.5%) advanced more slowly and the terms of trade improved.
Growth in economy-wide income accelerates as terms of trade improve
Real gross national income (the real purchasing power of income from Canadian-owned factors of production) grew 1.0% in the fourth quarter, outpacing real GDP growth and reflecting the improved terms of trade. The GDP implicit price index, which is the overall price of goods and services produced in Canada, increased 1.2% in the fourth quarter.
Nominal earnings of non-financial corporations (gross operating surplus) rose 2.7%, following a 1.0% decline in the third quarter, while the earnings of financial corporations declined 1.2%.
Household disposable income increases
Household disposable income rose 1.3%, following a 1.4% gain in the third quarter. The growth was mainly due to increased compensation of employees (+1.5%), on higher wages and salaries in most industries, particularly in services-producing industries.
The household saving rate rose from 4.0% in the third quarter to 4.2% in the fourth quarter as household disposable income outpaced household final consumption expenditure. Because of rising interest payments (+3.0%), primarily due to increased mortgage costs, the debt service ratio of households edged up to 13.83%.
Annual GDP growth accelerates in 2017
Real GDP rose 3.0% in 2017, following 1.4% growth in 2016. Much of this growth was attributable to the first two quarters of 2017, with deceleration observed toward the end of the year. Final domestic demand advanced 3.0% with steady growth throughout the year.
Household final consumption expenditure rose 3.5%, with increased outlays on goods (+3.9%) and services (+3.2%). Increased expenditures on insurance and financial services (+5.0%) and purchases of vehicles (+6.3%) were strong contributors to growth.
Business gross fixed capital formation rose 2.6%, following a 4.5% decline in 2016. Investment in machinery and equipment (+6.0%) and residential structures (+3.1%) both increased sharply. Investment in non-residential structures rose 0.3%, following two annual declines.
Also contributing to growth was business investment in inventories, up by $13.9 billion, of which $13.6 billion was in non-farm inventories. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers all added to their stocks in each quarter.
Exports grew 1.0% for the second consecutive year, with gains in both goods (+0.6%) and services (+2.8%). Imports increased 3.6% after falling 1.0% in 2016.
Compensation of employees rose 3.9% (nominal terms), contributing to a 4.8% gain in household disposable income. This was slightly faster than the growth in household final consumption expenditure (+4.6%), and the household saving rate consequently edged up to 3.6%.
The gross operating surplus of corporations increased 9.5% as earnings of both non-financial and financial corporations rose sharply.
Sustainable Development Goals
On January 1, 2016, the world officially began implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the United Nations' transformative plan of action that addresses urgent global challenges over the next 15 years. The plan is based on 17 specific sustainable development goals.
Gross domestic product, income and expenditure is an example of how Statistics Canada supports the reporting on the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. This release will be used in helping to measure the following goals:
Note to readers
For information on seasonal adjustment, see Seasonally adjusted data – Frequently asked questions.
Percentage changes for expenditure-based statistics (such as personal expenditures, investment, exports and imports) are calculated from volume measures that are adjusted for price variations. Percentage changes for income-based and flow-of-funds statistics (such as labour income, corporate profits, mortgage borrowing and total funds raised) are calculated from nominal values; that is, they are not adjusted for price variations.
There are two ways of expressing growth rates for gross domestic product (GDP) and other time series found in this release:
- Unless otherwise stated, the growth rates in this release represent the percentage change in the series from one quarter to the next, such as from the third quarter of 2017 to the fourth quarter of 2017.
- Quarterly growth can be expressed at an annual rate by using a compound growth formula, similar to the way in which a monthly interest rate can be expressed at an annual rate. Expressing growth at an annual rate facilitates comparisons with official GDP statistics from the United States. Both the quarterly growth rate and the annualized quarterly growth rate should be interpreted as an indication of the latest trend in GDP.
Revisions
Data on GDP for the fourth quarter of 2017 were released along with revised data from the first quarter of 2017 through the third quarter of 2017. These data incorporate new and revised data, as well as updated data on seasonal trends.
Real-time CANSIM tables
Real-time CANSIM tables 380-8063 and 380-8064 will be updated on March 12. For more information, consult the document Real-time CANSIM tables.
Next release
Data on GDP by income and expenditure for the first quarter will be released on May 31.
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